1、,21庄子二则,R八年级语文下册,1.反复诵读，培养文言语感，积累常用文言词语句式。 2.欣赏庄子中雄伟瑰丽的想象和机智巧妙的论辩。,学习目标,新课导入,庄子名言,走近作者,庄子(约前369一前286)，名周，战国时宋国人。他继承并发展了老子的思想，为道家学派的重要人物，世称“老庄”。庄子思想比较复杂，基本上属于主观唯心主义。,庄子一书，通行本有内篇七章： 逍遥游第一， 齐物论第二， 养生主第三， 人间世第四， 德充符第五 大宗师第六， 应帝王第七。 这七篇，思想深透，风格飘逸，而且十分连贯。,走近作品,外篇共十五篇文章，大部分非庄子手笔。天地秋水达生山木田子方知北游这六篇很可能是庄子自著，或
2、是他的弟子整理老师著作编成的文章。,杂篇共十一篇文章，除让王盗跖说剑渔父四篇外，都是非常漂亮的文章，非庄子手笔。,鲲 抟 濠梁 鲦 鱼,tio,字词积累,kn,tun,ho,北冥有鱼,文意疏通,北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐者，志怪者也。,大鱼名,振奋，这里指用力鼓动翅膀,悬挂在天空的云,天然形成的水池,记载,北海里有一条鱼，它的名字叫鲲。鲲体积巨大，不知道有几千里；鲲变化为鸟，它的名字叫鹏。鹏的脊背，不知道长几千里；当它奋起而飞的时候，那展开的双翅就像悬挂在天空的云
3、。这只鹏鸟啊，海水运动时将要飞到南海去。这南海是一个天然形成的水池。齐谐是一部专门记载怪异事物的书。,翻 译,谐之言曰：“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,盘旋飞翔,旋风,气息，这里指风,山野中的雾气，奔腾如野马,表示选择,代大鹏,这样,翻 译,这本书上记载说：“鹏鸟迁徙到南方的大海之时，翅膀击水而行，激起的波涛浪花有三千里，它乘着旋风盘旋飞至九万里的高空，它离开北海是凭借着六月的大风。”山野中的雾气，空气中的尘埃，都是生物用气息吹拂的结果。天色湛蓝，是它真正的颜色
4、吗？还是因为天空高远而看不到尽头呢？大鹏在天空往下看，也不过像人在地面上看天一样罢了。,内容探究,1.文章标题为“北冥有鱼”，后来怎么又写鸟了？,鸟是由鱼变化而来的。鲲的体积有几千里，变成鸟后，鸟的背部不知有几千里。说明庄子想象力丰富。,2.大鹏的形象如何呢？作者又是怎样描写这一形象的呢？,鲲鹏形体硕大无比，变化神奇莫测，奋飞时气势壮美。从体大、背大、翼大以及活动范围大（长度：从北海到南海；高度：九万里）四个方面极写鲲鹏形象磅礴壮观。,用夸张的手法描述鲲鹏，“不知其几千里也”言其形，“若垂天之云”言其翼，“北冥”“南冥”“九万里”言其活动天地，极言鲲鹏形体之大、变化之神奇、飞腾时气势之壮观，一
5、开头就向我们展示了一幅雄奇壮丽的画卷。,. 文章借鲲鹏的寓言说明什么道理？ 【解析】文章借鲲鹏奋飞必须凭借海运和强大的风力、水雾尘埃要靠气息相吹来说明万物有所待的道理。借用寓言故事把道理寄托于生动的形象中，使文章生动活泼，颇具诗意，寓意隽永。 【答案】说明任何事物的存在都要依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都要有所凭借。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
6、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
7、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,4.任何事物的存在都是依附于一定的条件，那么人对事物的认识有没有局限呢？,“天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无所至极邪？”这句话说明人对事物的认识是有局限的。庄子给出确定的结论，鹏鸟和人们一样，并不能弄清天的本色，鹏鸟的认识也是有局限的啊。,5. 你敬佩鲲鹏吗？谈谈你的理由。,【答案】示
8、例一:我敬佩鲲鹏，因为鲲鹏入深海，翔九天，胸怀远大的理想和抱负，搏击长空，纵横大海，就像范仲淹、诸葛亮、毛泽东等历史人物，他们以天下苍生为己任，推动历史向前发展。示例二：我不敬佩，因为我喜欢知足常乐，淡泊名利，就像普通的劳动者，他们爱岗敬业，在平凡的岗位上做出不平凡的贡献。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
9、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
10、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,这则故事以大鹏南飞作比喻，说明世上的万物无论大小，都受到不同的限制，处在不同的束缚之中，因此，大鹏状似逍遥，其实还没有达到真正的逍遥。,小结,北冥有鱼,介绍鲲鹏形体,有所待,仰视鲲鹏飞南冥,想象高空俯视情景,板书,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,文意疏通,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鲦鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非
11、鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣！”,桥,这,怎么,固然,本来,完全，肯定（是这样）,庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰：汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”,追溯,你,如此如此,已经,庄子与惠施在濠水的桥上游玩。庄子说：“白鱼在河水中游得多么悠闲自得，这是鱼的快乐啊。”惠施说：“你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢？”庄子说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不知道鱼的快乐呢？”惠施说：“我不是你，固然不知道你；你本来就不是鱼，你不知道鱼的快乐，是可以肯定的！”庄子说：“请从我们最初的话题说起。你说你哪儿知道鱼快乐的话，
12、说明你已经知道我知道鱼快乐而在问我。我是在濠水的桥上知道的。”,翻 译,1.庄子坚持认为“出游从容”的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,内容探究,这是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。他来到濠水之滨，“从容出游”感到快乐，于是见到“出游从容”的鱼也快乐，即“人乐鱼亦乐”。这符合他“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”的观点。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
13、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
14、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.指出下面两句话的强弱特点和表达效果。,（1）“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？” （2）“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,（1）句是惠子针对庄子知“鱼之乐”而发起的疑问，语气较轻； （2）句是庄子针对惠子的问话的回答，用的是反问的语气，语气较强。这句话不从正面回答惠子的问题，而从反面相对，收到很好
15、的表达效果。,3.在这场辩论中庄子是如何化解惠子的发难的？,庄子把“安知”，解释成“哪知道”或“怎知道”，而惠子本意是“怎么（能）知道”。庄子偷换概念，避重就轻，化解了发难，其机智灵活的形象跃然纸上。,4.这场“鱼之乐”的辩论体现了庄子和惠子二人各自怎样的思想？,庄子追求“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”，和万物平等共生，与外界契合无间。短文中的“鱼之乐”，其实也就是他愉悦心境的投射和外化。惠子偏重于知识性的判断。论辩言语严密，逻辑性强，对事物的认知是持以寻根究底的态度，求实而缺乏美学意义上的欣赏。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
16、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
17、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,力辩 求真 拘泥,【庄子】,【惠子】,巧辩 尚美 超然,轻松闲适，诗意盎然,关于这场“濠梁之辩”
18、的结果，有人说是庄子赢了，有人说是惠子赢了，你认为是谁赢了？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
19、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
20、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,这则故事通过庄子与惠子围绕着“鱼之乐”而展开辩论，表现了庄子的机智与巧妙的辩论风格，也表现了庄子的“万物与我为一”的思想。,小结,庄子与惠子游于濠梁,庄子与惠子游于濠梁,惠子,庄子,力辩 求真 拘泥 逻辑家的知识判断,巧辩 尚美 超然 艺术家的快乐自由,板书,结合两则故事试理解庄子的人生态度。,北冥有鱼大鹏向南飞行，需要乘着六月的风而去。也就是说，大鹏的飞行是有所“待”的。它虽然能够在天空翱翔，看似自由自在，但其实还要借助风的力量，也就是说，它受到了风的制约。如果没有大风，大鹏是不可能飞翔的。因此，在天空翱翔的大鹏其实并没有达到真正
21、的逍遥。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
22、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
23、元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上中，惠子好辩，重分析。对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的风貌。,庄子心境旷达，视荣华富贵如敝屣，他有着高雅的生活情趣。秋水一文所宣扬的是庄子一贯的思想，即人的生死、寿夭、祸福、穷通、贵贱、贫富、得失、成败等等都是完全相对的东西，并且是人力所不能左右的，应一切顺其自然。庄子鄙视功名富贵，追求快乐自由便是这种思想支配下的心灵选择。,庄子思想虽有消极虚无的一面，但其根本目标却在于要使人的生活和精神达到一种不为
24、外物所束缚、所统治的绝对自由独立的境界。多少年来，庄子思想曾给乱世中饱经沧桑的心灵以莫大的安慰，即使在物质文明高度发达的今天也有它独特的作用。,庄子散文的艺术特色,艺术特色,第一， 想象奇幻。 第二， 构思巧妙。 第三， 善用寓言故事和比喻。 第四， 文笔汪洋恣肆，具有浪漫主义风格。,1阅读下面一段文字，谈淡你的理解。,随堂检测,庄子送葬，经过惠子的坟墓，回头对跟随他的人说：“楚国郢人捏白垩土，鼻尖上溅到一滴如蝇翼般大的污泥，他请匠石替他削掉。匠石挥动斧头，呼呼作响，随手劈下去，把那小滴的泥点完全削除，而鼻子没有受到丝毫损伤，郢人站着面不改色。宋元君听说这件事，把匠石找来说：替我试试看。匠石说：我以前能削，但是我的对手早已经死了!自从先生去世。我没有对手了，我没有谈论的对象了!”,【提示】惠子死后，庄子再也找不到可以对谈的人了。在这短短的寓言中，流露出纯厚真挚之情。能设出这个妙趣的寓言，来譬喻他和死者的友谊，如此神来之笔。非庄子莫能为之。,课堂延伸,1.吾生也有涯，而知也无涯。 庄子养生主 2.大寒既至，霜雪既降，吾是以知松柏之茂也。庄子让王 3.君子之交淡若水，小人之交甘若醴。庄子山木 4.人生天地之间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已。庄子知北游 5.至人无己，神人无功，圣人无名。逍遥游,
