1、精准培优专练2019届高三好教育精准培优专练培优点十二 阅读理解-主旨大意题一、 真题在线Passage1（2019全国I卷，D）During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They
2、rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the lik
3、able and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and eve
4、n dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr.
5、 Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were hig
6、h in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you bette
7、r able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of lif
8、e experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,” he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind.B. Lonely.C. Generous.D. Cool.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C
9、. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.35. What is the
10、 best title for the text?A. Be Nice-You Wont Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BeerC. Be the Best-You Can Make ItD. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. A【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。【解析】32.推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school
11、, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我拥有高的社会地位。由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。33.主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the lik
12、able and the status seekers.临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。34.推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment它清楚地表明，可爱能自我调整使之健康，由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最受人喜爱的孩子适应性更强，故选B
13、。35.主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。Passage2（2019全国II卷，C）Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtels “
14、me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to stati
15、stics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone,but together,you know?”Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach,has lunch with coworkers sometimes,but like many of us,too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to
16、keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,”she said.Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny,a local videographer,is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the ba
17、rkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “Its a chance for self-reflection, you return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people l
18、ike to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit, whose comp
19、any provided the statistics for the report.28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?A. Food variety.B. Eating habits.C. Table manners.D. Restaurant service.29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?A. To meet with her coworkers.B. To catch up with her work.C. To have some time on her o
20、wn.D. To collect data for her report.30. What do we know about Mazoleny?A. He makes videos for the bar.B. Hes fond of the food at the bar.C. He interviews customers at the bar.D. Hes familiar with the barkeeper.31. What is the text mainly about?A. The trend of having meals alone.B. The importance of
21、 self-reflection.C. The stress from working overtime.D. The advantage of wireless technology.【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. A【解析】28.推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在美国，约有46%的人们独自用餐，53%的人们独自吃早餐，46%的人们独自吃午餐，只有74%的人们晚餐不是独自享用，故可知本段的数据是关于用餐习惯，故选B。29.细节理解题。根据第三段A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on th
22、e shoulder. Today, I just wanted some time to myself.可知，Bechtel一个人吃午饭可以让她逃离老板的关注，给自己留一些自由时间，故选C。30.推理判断题。根据第四段he likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction.可知Mazoleny喜欢这样的气氛，因为可以坐在那里，查看手机信息，
23、或者想聊天了，可以直呼吧台服务员名字和他聊天，故可知，他与服务员很熟悉，可以直呼对方名字，故选D。31.主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。Passage3（2019浙江卷，C）California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).The n
24、umber of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high
25、 country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing developme
26、nt pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues docu
27、mented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how muc
28、h water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, w
29、hich cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B. The increasing variety of California big trees.C. The distr
30、ibution of big trees in California forests.D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?A. Ecological studies of forests.B. Banning woodcutting.C. Limiting housing development.D. Fire control measures.29. What is a
31、 major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A longer dry season.C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air.30. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in Califo
32、rnia SoonC. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California【答案】27. A 28. D 29. C 30. A【文章大意】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素。【解析】27.主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。28.推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wi
33、ldfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选D。29.细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, , and earlier snowme
34、lt, 可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C。30.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意。Passage4（2019北京卷 ，D）By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart
35、 of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Clima
36、te change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in
37、the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutr
38、ients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently bl
39、ue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing.”she said，“but the type of phytopla
40、nkton is changing. ”42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.43. What does the underlined word“vulnerab
41、le”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Sensitive.B. Beneficial.C. Significant.D. Unnoticeable.44. What can we learn from the passage?A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystemB. Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changes.C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global
42、climate.D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.45. What is the main purpose of the passage？A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.D. To introduce a new method to s
43、tudy phytoplankton.【答案】42. B 43. A 44. D 45. C【文章大意】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。【解析】42.主旨大意题。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to
44、 a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“At the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.
45、Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知B符合题意，故选B。43.猜测词义题。根据划线词后的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankto
46、n growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。可知A项正确。44.推理判断题。根据第四段“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplank
47、ton could become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选
48、项可知D项符合题意。45.主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warning trendWarming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, ”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋及其植物的影响。故选C。二、对点专练Passage 1Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricu
