1、1 第四讲 动词时态和语态 Part 真题变式体验 12015江苏高考The real reason why prices _ (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem. 答案:were 根据 and still are 可知,此处指过去的物价与现在物价一直都很高,所以 应使用一般过去时。 22015湖南高考I wasnt able to hide my eagerness. When I _ (ask), “What do
2、you wish me to do now?” 答案:asked when 引导的时间状语从句,通过“I wasnt able to hide my eagerness”的时 态可知,ask 的动作发生在过去。 32015重庆高考In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat _ (cut) 答案:has been cut 从句中 cut 的动作发生在主句动作之前,主句是一般现在时,故该 从句使用一般现在时或现在完成时,且“wheat”与“cut”之间为被动,故答案是 ha
3、s been cut。 42015四川高考More expressways _ (build) in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy. 答案:will be built 根据时间状语 soon 以及不定式作目的状语,可知此处用一般将来 时态,且“build”与“more expressways”之间为被动关系,故答案是 will be built。 52015湖南高考He must have sensed that I _ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “
4、Why are you staring at me like that?” 答案:was looking 由句意可知,他感觉到的时候“我”应该是正在看他。 62015安徽高考Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _ (leave) my book in the cafe. 答案:had left 考查时态。“realized”为一般过去时,其后面宾语从句中的动作发生在 其之前,故用过去完成时,had left。 72014福建高考Havent seen you for ages! Where have you been? I went t
5、o Ningxia and _ (stay) there for one year, teaching as a volunteer. 答案:stayed 答句由 and 连接两个并列的谓语动词,根据“went”及句意可知,此处表示 的动作发生在过去,“待”这个动作与“went”这个动作几乎同时发生,故用一般过去时态。 句意:好长时间没见到你了!你去哪儿了?我去宁夏支教了一年。 82014大纲全国卷Unless some extra money _ (find), the theatre will close. 答案:is found 由主句中的 will 可知 unless 引导的从句应用一
6、般现在时态表将来,且 “money”和“find”之间是被动关系,故答案为 is found。句意:除非找到一些额外资金,否则 这家剧院就得关门。 92014大纲全国卷The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _ (see) them since. 答案:has seen 由题干中的“since”可知,本题应用现在完成时。句意:这些报告在 2012 2 年就丢失了,此后再也没人见到过它们。 102014北京高考Hi, lets go skating. Sorry, Im busy right now. I _ (fill) in an applic
7、ation form for a new job. 答案:am filling 根据题干中的 Im busy right now 可推知 fill in 这一动作正在进行,故 用现在进行时。句意 :嗨,咱们去滑冰吧。对不起,我现在忙着呢。我正在填一张 新工作申请表。 Part 语篇真题演练 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 2015课标全国卷 Yangshuo, China It was raining lightly when I _61_ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care
8、. A few hours _62_, Id been at home in Hong Kong, with _63_ (it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _64_are pictured by artists in so many Chines
9、e _65_(painting). Instead, Id headed straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour away _66_ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city. Yangshuo_67_(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers _68_ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the t
10、op 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it _69_ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people _70_ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. Step 1:通读全文,掌握主旨大意。 本文讲述的是桂林的著名旅游景
11、点阳朔。 Step 2:逐题解答,确定答案。 61arrived。根据空格所在位置,此处填谓语,需考虑时态、语态及主谓一致。 62before/earlier。根据空格所在位置可知,此处考查副词,结合句子时态,确定答案。 63its。介词 with 后,名词前,可知此处填形容词性物主代词。 64that/which。空前空后均是句子,可知此处填连词,根据从句的位置判断从句类型, 再按该从句的连词选择方法确定答案。 65paintings。空前 many 为关键信息。 66by。名词前句子与此空从结构上无关,故可知此处填介词,结合语义可知答案。 67 is。 根据空格位置可知此处填谓语, 结合本
12、段的时态以及语态和主谓一致确定答案。 68conducted。该句中已经有谓语“names”,可知此处应填非谓语。空格在名词后,可 知此处考查非谓语作定语。判断该动词与被修饰词之间的关系。 69regularly。根据空格位置及语义可知此处应填副词。 70living。同第 68 题。 Step 3:代入验证。 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑,语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。 3 知识 清单 (1)熟知八种基本时态 的构成;(2)八种基本 时态的用法及重点; (3)一般过去时态与现 在完成时态用法上的 侧重点;(4)被动语态 的基本形式;(5)被动 语态中的特殊情况; (6)与时态相关的固定
13、句式结构。 学情 分析 考生在动词时态和语 态的学习过程中存在 着以下几点问题:(1) 考生对于时态的基本 类型不能熟练掌握; (2)不规则动词的过去 式及过去分词形式不 清楚;(3)句子中的主 被动意识淡,不能准 确使用被动语态;(4) 在使用时态时,全凭 所谓的语感去判断, 写出来的句子中时态 混乱, 没有时态观念, 没有章法可言。 考点一 一般现在时态(do/does) 1 表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象。 As is known to us, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 众所周知,太阳东升西落。 2 表示习惯性、经常
14、性的动作或经常存在的状态。 Some senior 3 students get up at 5:20 every day including Sunday. 一些高三学生每天 5:20 起床,包括星期日。 3 在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时态表将来。 If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard. 如果城市噪音的增加不被阻止,人们将不得不大声叫喊才能被听到。 4 表示按时刻表、计划规定要发生的动作,常见的动词有: come, go, leave, begin, arri
15、ve, start, stop, return, open, close 等。 The plane takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday. 飞机每星期三和星期五 2:30 起飞。 典例 1 2016四川成都一诊Its probable that the rocket _ (date) from about 2,000 years ago in China. 解析 dates 根据语义可知,此处表示客观真理且主语是单数,故用一般现在时态。 注意 2,000 years ago 为误导信息。 典例 2 2016北京东城区期末_, we will
16、carry out the plan next week. (完成句 4 子) 除非你有不同意见,否则我们下周就执行该计划了。 解析 Unless you have any disagreement 该句为条件状语从句,主句为将来时,故用 “主将从现”这一结构,从句中用一般现在时态。 考点二 一般过去时态(did) 1 表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用(时间比较具体)或上下 文语境有暗示,或由于地点的转变而导致同一个动作用过去时态。 I taught English in Xian for half a year. I felt very tired. When I go
17、t home, I went straight to bed. 我在西安教了半年英语,我感到非常累。当我回到家时,直接上床睡觉了。 2 描述过去时间中发生的一系列事件。 He went to the supermarket, bought some eggs and returned home. 他去超市,买了些鸡蛋就回家了。 3 原来没有意料到,没有想到的事。 Excuse me. I didnt realize I was blocking your way. 对不起。我没意识到挡了你的路。 4 固定句式 (1)Its high time that sb. did sth.是某人该做某事的
18、时候了。 Its high time we did something about environmental protection. 到了我们保护环境的时候了。 (2)would rather主did.表示与现在事实相反的情况。 I would rather you came here tomorrow morning. 我宁愿你明天上午来这。 注意:一般过去时态中的动作在过去某时间已经停止,只是强调过去的动作或状态,与现在没有任何关系。 典例 3 2016四川成都二诊Have you worked out the schedule for our graduation trip? Yes.
19、 I _ (work) on it for 3 hours. 解析 worked 根据语境“制定计划”这一动作已经结束,只是在陈述过去发生的事 情而已,故用一般过去时态,“for 3 hours”为误导信息。 典例 4 2016四川成都一诊All football fans _ (witness) the Germans final victory in the 2014 World Cup this August. 解析 witnessed 根据时间状语“this August”可知,使用一般过去时态。 考点三 完成时态(have/has/had done) 1 现在完成时 (1)表示发生在
20、过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与 up to now, so far, already, yet, now, recently, in the past few years, just 等表示时间的词,或 since 引导的状语从句(从句中使用一般过去时态)连用。 5 His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month. 他的第一本小说自从上个月出版之后就很受欢迎。 (2)用于时间、条件状语从句中,表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。 When shall we re
21、start our business? Not until we have finished our plan. 什么时候我们重新开始我们的事业? 直到我们已完成我们的计划。 (3)在“It (This) is(will be)the first/second/third.timethat 从句”中,that 从句中的谓语 动词用现在完成时。 This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family. 这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。 (4)在“It (This) is the bes
22、t (worst,mostadj.等)名词从句”中,从句中的谓语用现 在完成时。 It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school. 这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。 2 过去完成时 (1)某些动词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,意为“本来期望/认为/打 算” 。这类动词主要有:expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want 等。 I had intended to call on you yes
23、terday, but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本来打算昨天去看你,但我有了一个不速之客。 I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的,但当时确实太忙了。 (2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态,考生做题时关键看该动作是否发生在题干中所给的 过去的动作或过去的时间之前,如果是就用过去完成时。 Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they had received from
24、 China. 上个月,日本政府对从中国得到的援助表示感谢。 What a mistake! Yes,I had suggested his doing it another way,but without success. 愚蠢的错误! 是的,我已建议他换种方式做,但没成功。 (3)by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句, 主 句用过去完成时。 By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from colleg
25、e. 杰克从英国回到家时,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。 (4)在 hardly(scarcely)when.,no sooner.than.句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从 句用一般过去时。意思为“一就” 。 Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when(than) the rain poured down. 6 我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。 3 将来完成时 将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before 将来时间”或“by将来时间”连用,也可与 before 或 by the time 引导的现在时的从句 连用。 On her ne
26、xt birthday,Ann will have been married for twenty years. 到下次生日时,安已结婚 20 年了。 典例 5 2016浙江温州一模I suddenly realized that I was kept so busy that I _ (spend) little time with my family before. 解析 had spent 根据主句中的“realized”以及“was kept”可知本句的语境为过去时间, “spend”发生在这之前(before)可知答案为过去完成时态,故填“had spent”。 典例 6 2016北
27、京东城区一模Mum!Where is my packed lunch? In the kitchen. I _ (make) you two sandwiches. 解析 have made 根据对话的语境可知动作发生在现在时段内, “make”这一动作发生 在过去,但对现在有影响,故用现在完成时态。 典例 7 2016重庆南开中学一模Hurry up, or by the time we arrive at the cinema, the film _ (begin) 解析 will have begun 根据 “by the time we arrive at the cinema”可看出
28、是发生在将来的 动作,且截止到这一动作时间为止,故用将来完成时态。 7 考点四 进行时(be doing) 1 现在进行时 高考题对现在进行时的考查往往是在具体的语境中进行的, 不给出具体的时间状语, 要 求考生能够通过语境判断出该动作正在进行。现在进行时常用来表示: (1)说话时正在发生着的一个动作。 Hurry up! Mark and Carol are expecting us. 快点!Mark 和 Carol 正等着咱们呢。 (2)现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作。 The water supply has been cut off temporarily because th
29、e workers are repairing one of the main pipes. 因为工人们正在修其中一条主管道,所以供水系统临时被切断。 Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much. 青少年们正在损害自己的健康,因为他们玩的电脑游戏太多了。 (3)近期特定的安排或计划。 Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida.I am taking my Mum. 我获得了一次去佛罗里达度假两天的机会。我计划带着我妈妈去。 2 过去进行时 (
30、1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。 The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant was giving in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. 经理为其助理代他举行记者会而担心,然而幸运的是,一切进展顺利。 I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon. Im so sorry. But I was doi
31、ng my homework. 我不明白你昨天下午为什么没去听讲座。 我很抱歉,但我当时在做作业。 (2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由 when 或 while 引导的时间状语从 句中。持续性动作用过去进行时,短暂性动作用一般过去时。 The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it. 那位记者说,当他看到时,不明飞行物正在自东向西飞行。 3 现在完成进行时 (1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且现在还在进行。 Tom has been working in the li
32、brary every night over the last three months. 在过去的三个月里,汤姆一直每晚都在图书馆工作。 I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately. 因为我最近一直咳嗽得厉害所以我必须去看医生。 (2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,在说话时刚刚结束。 Where have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere. 你刚才去了哪里?我们一直在到处找你。 8 4 将来进行时 将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻
33、正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行 的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有:at this time tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow 等。 Daniels family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. Daniel 的一家人下星期这个时候将在黄山度假。 Guess what, weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the
34、 UK this summer. How nice! You will be experiencing a different culture then. 猜猜!我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证。 太好了!那时你们将体验不同的文化。 5 固定句式 be doing.when.表示“当一件事情发生时,另外一件事情发生了” 。 I was wandering in the street when I came across a friend of mine. 我在街道上闲逛时,突然遇到我的一个朋友。 类似结构用法还有:be about to do.when.表示“当一件事情马上要发生时,突然
35、另外 一件事情发生了” ; had done.when.表示“一件事情刚刚发生,突然另外一件事情发生了” 。 I had just come back when the doorbell rang again. 我刚回来,门铃又响了。 典例 8 2016重庆巴蜀中学期末Joe, what about going to Belgium for our coming holiday? Sorry, honey, I _ (work) on the newly discovered dinosaur site in Argentina. 解析 will be working 根据语境可知后者将要去阿
36、根廷工作, 结合前者的问题可知后 者应该在假期时正巧在阿根廷工作,故填将来进行时。 典例 9 2016重庆一诊Leave me alone. I _ (write) an article all the afternoon and havent finished yet. 解析 have been writing 根据时间状语“all the afternoon”及“havent finished”可知应填 现在完成进行时,表“一直在写文章” 。 典例 10 2016苏锡四市调研Hi, Peter. Why didnt you go to the cinema last night? I _
37、(watch) the popular show Dad, where are we going? with my family. 解析 was watching 根据语境可知后者“last night”正在看电视节目,故未去看电影, 应填过去进行时态,表示“过去某时间动作正在进行” 。 考点五 将来时态 除了“will/shall动词原形”可以表示将来时,以下几种形式也可表示将来意义。 1be going to do be going to 结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的 事,也可用来表示自然现象。 Im going to gather some mater
38、ial about Picasso. 9 我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。 Its going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow. 明天将会是冲浪的好天气。 2 现在进行时 有这种用法的主要是一些表示位置转移的动词,如 go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take 等。这种将来意义往往指安排好要做的事情,很少变更。 Im flying to Beijing tomorrow. 明天我要坐飞机去北京。 Shes leaving early tomorrow morning. 明天早上她
39、要早动身。 3be to do 这种结构表示按计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。 The engineer is to visit our factory next week. 那位工程师下周来参观我们工厂。 The meeting is to take place early tomorrow. 会议明天一早召开。 4be about to do 这一结构用于表示客观上马上就要发生的事,一般不与具体的时间状语连用。 Dont go out. Were about to have dinner. 别出去了,我们很快就吃饭了。 The new school year
40、is about to begin. 新学年开学在即。 注意:be going to 与 will 都表将来,二者主要区别如下: (1)will 表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事,不含任何具体时间,可以指遥 远的将来,而 be going to 指有迹象表明即将发生或肯定会发生的事。 There is going to be a quarrel between them, I think. 我想两人要争吵了。 (2)be going to 和 will 均可表示“意图” ;但事先考虑过的意图用 be going to,不是事先 考虑的意图用 will,即临时决定。 Sorry, I
41、forgot to buy the book you need. It doesnt matter. I will go myself. 对不起,我忘了买你需要的书了。 没关系,我自己去吧。 典例 11 2016江苏四市一模How long do you expect it _ (be) before the African can keep the disease under control? 解析 will be 根据“主将从现”的原则以及句意理解可知,使用一般将来时态;也 可根据“It will be时间段before.”句式结构来确定答案。 10 典例 12 2016陕西五校一模The
42、 constant noise around here _ (drive) me crazy! Calm down. Its no use complaining. 解析 is driving 根据语境可知 “周围的噪音快把我逼疯了” , 故用将来时态, 但 “drive sb. crazy”用进行时表将来,描述动作的进程,故答案是 is driving。 考点六 动词语态 在英语中不强调动作发出者时,使用被动语态,在考查动词方面,也是重点考查内容之 一,因此,考生碰到动词考查时,要先判断时态,然后要考虑语态,即 : 主语与该动词之间 是主动关系还是被动关系。 1 各种基本时态的被动语态构成
43、“be过去分词”为基本构成,只要变换 be 的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态, 除“be过去分词”外,还有 get/become过去分词。如下表: 被动语态的构成(以 write 为例) 时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am/is/are written am/is/are being written has/have been written 过去 was/were written was/were being written had been written 将来 shall/will be written 注意:英语中只有及物动词短语有被动语态,不及物动词短语无被动语态。 (
44、1)Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the reform and opening. 改革开放以来,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 此处 take place 无被动语态。 (2)All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority. 所有的申请人在官方做最终决定前都要面试。 此处 applicants 与 interview 之间是被动关系,所以用一般现在时态的被动语态。 2 主动形式表被动 (1)“系动词 l
45、ook, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep 等形容词/名词”构成系表结构。如: The steel feels cold. 钢铁摸起来很凉。 His plan proved (to be) practical. 他的计划被证明很实用。 (2)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词,如 read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock,
46、shut, dry, eat, drink 等。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修 11 饰语。如: This coat dries easily. 这件外套容易干。 Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。 Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。 Your essay reads well. 你的文章读起来不错。 This material has worn thin. 这些材料已经磨薄了。 The match wont catch. 这根火柴擦不着。 The engine wont start. 这个引擎发动不起来。 典例
47、13 2016福州毕业班质检Highways across China _ (report) to be free of charge for 20 days during holidays in 2015. 解析 were reported 主语“highways”与“report”之间为被动关系,且根据语境可知使 用一般过去时态,故答案是 were reported。 典例 14 2016北京丰台区一模Can we sit at the table by the window? Im sorry, but it _ (take) already. 解析 has been taken 根据语
48、境可知动作发生在现在,already 表示已发生,故用现在 完成时态,且“it”与“take”之间为被动关系,故填 has been taken。 典例 15 2016四川德阳二诊Excuse me, is the book Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell available now? Sorry, but it _ (sell) so well that we dont have any in store. 解析 sells 根据语境可知,此处表示“Gone With the Wind”这本书很畅销,而不是强 调动作,尽管两者为被动关系,但用主动表状态。 NO.1 解题步骤 1.根据语境或具体时间状语确定时态,之后判断主语与谓语之间的主、被动关系。 2注意所填形式要与整个语境发生的时间一致且