2018届高考英语一轮复习教案:语法填空第五讲 非谓语动词

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1、1 第五讲 非谓语动词 Part 真题变式体验 12015福建高考_ (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. 答案:To learn 根据句式分析,该题有一个谓语,且无连词,故应填非谓语,根据句 意可知此处表目的,故填 To learn。 22015江苏高考Much time _ (spend) sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health p

2、roblems. 答案:spent 根据句式分析,该题只有一个谓语,且无连词,尽管前半句很长,但也 应填非谓语,“spend”与“much time”之间为被动关系,故填过去分词 spent。 32015天津高考_ (work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. 答案:Having worked 根据句子结构,此处为非谓语动词作状语结构,句子主语 “Steve”为“work”的逻辑主语,两者为主动关系,且“work”表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前, 故用现在分词的完成式,即 Having worked。 4

3、2015安徽高考_ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. 答案:Ignoring 该句中的谓语是“will be”,而其前的部分应为句子的主语,因此此题 考查动名词作主语结构,“ignore”与谓语动词之间没有明显的前后顺序,故填 Ignoring。 52015陕西高考Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr Lee was very happy to see his

4、mother_ (take) good care of at home. 答案:taken 考查“感官动词宾语宾补”结构,其中“take”与“his mother”之间为被 动关系,故应填 taken。 62015重庆高考_(raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star. 答案:Raised 分析句式可以看出,该题考查非谓语动词作状语结构,raise 的逻辑主语 是句子主语 he,两者之间为被动关系,故填 Raised。 72014湖南高考Children,

5、 when _ (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. 答案:accompanied本题考查非谓语动词作状语。主语“children”与“accompany”之间为 逻 辑 上 的 被 动 关 系 。 “when accompanied by their parents” 相 当 于 when children are accompanied by their parents,故答案为 accompanied。句意:当孩子被其父母陪伴时,他们 才被允许进入这个运动场。 82014天津高考Anxiously,

6、 she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _ (find) it didnt fit. 答案 : to find 本题考查非谓语动词作状语。根据语境可知,此处考查“only动词不定 式”表示出乎意料的结果。所以答案为 to find。句意:她急切地从袋子里取出那条连衣裙试 穿了一下,结果发现它不合身。 2 9 2014 北京高考The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without _ (recognize) 答案 : being

7、recognized本题考查非谓语动词。 “without”为介词, 后接动词的动名词形式, “recognize”与“he”为逻辑上的被动关系,故答案为 being recognized。句意:那个电影明星戴 着太阳镜,因此,他可以在不被认出的情况下去购物。 102014北京高考There are still many problems _ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 答案 : to be solved本题考查非谓语动词作定语。 根据句意可知 “这些问题还未解决” , “to be solved”既表被动又

8、表示将来,故答案为 to be solved。句意:在我们准备好在月球上长久 停留之前,仍然还有许多问题有待解决。 Part 语篇真题演练 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 2014 课 标 全 国 卷 One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about _41_(be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, _42_ some of them looked very anxious and _43

9、_(disappoint). When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next _44_ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike _45_ (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refus

10、ed_46_(stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept_47_ (ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up to the door of the bus. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked, “_48_ anyone lose

11、 a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear! Its _49_ (I)” She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers _50_ (sudden) became friendly to one another. Step 1:通读全文,掌握

12、主旨大意。 本文讲述的是一件小事改变了人们对彼此的态度。 Step 2:逐题解答,确定答案。 41being。“worried about”表示担忧,介词后面应该跟名词或动名词。 42and。空前为句子,空后亦是句子,由此判断中间需填连词。 43 disappointed。 and 连接两个并列的成分, 前面 anxious 为形容词可知答案。 disappoint 的形容词有两个,应填 disappointed,修饰人。 44to。根据语义此处应为固定短语表示“紧挨着窗户” 。 45caught。此处所在的句子中没出现谓语,故应填动词的时态,根据全篇时态,故可 知答案。 46to_stop。

13、refuse 后面应跟动词的不定式。 47riding。keep 后面应该跟动词的ing 形式作宾语。 48Did。根据句式结构此处应填助动词,根据语境可知答案。 49me/mine。根据上文中的问题,此处填代词的宾格或名词性物主代词作表语。 3 50suddenly。根据结构可知,此处修饰动词 became,应用副词。 Step 3:代入验证。 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑,语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。 知识 清单 (1)非谓语动词的基本 形式及含义;(2)非谓 语动词作定语的结构 及用法;(3)非谓语动 词作宾补的结构及用 法;(4)非谓语动词作 状语的结构及用法; (5)非谓语动词

14、作主语、 宾语和表语的用法; (6)非谓语动词使用中 存在的问题分析。 学情 分析 考生对非谓语动词的 学习存在以下问题: (1)句子结构不清,造 成谓语与非谓语分辨 不清 ; (2)受汉语影响, 某些汉语理解与英语 动词形式不一致时, 出现很多错误,如 satisfied,理解为主动 意义,但其形式表示 被动含义 ; (3)解题时, 思路混乱,不按解题 思路去做,导致错误 频出。 非谓语动词不同形式的构成及含义如图表: 非谓语动词 形式 意义 一般式:to do 将要发生或发生在谓语动词后 进行式:to be doing 谓语发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行 或与谓语同时发生 不定式 完成式

15、:to have done 发生在谓语动词之前或已经发生 to be done 被动、将来 不定式 to have been done 被动、发生在谓语动词之前 一般式:doing 与谓语动词同时发生或动作正在进行 动词ing 形式 完成式:having done 发生在谓语动词之前或已经发生 being done 被动、进行 动词ing 形式 having been done 被动、发生在谓语动词之前 过去分词 done 被动、完成 注意:1having been done 与 done 作状语时没有明显区别,可以互换,但 having been done 不能作定语和宾补,强调时间先后。,

16、 2不及物动词的过去分词,只表示完成,不表示被动,如,fallen leaves 落叶。, 4 3有时过去分词只表示被动而不强调时间性。 The boy was running along the street, followed by a dog. 这个男孩正在街道上跑,后面跟着一只狗。 Having eaten at the Cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. Tina 以前在这个自助餐厅吃过以后,再也不想去那儿吃了。 考点一 非谓语动词作定语 1 不定式作定语 不定式作定语,通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的

17、词之间构成主谓、动宾 或同位关系。 (1)常被不定式修饰的名词有:chance, need, promise, ability, way, opportunity 等,常表同 位关系。 He had no chance to go to school before liberation.(同位关系) 解放前他没有上学的机会。 Do you have the ability to read and write in English.(同位关系) 你有英语读写的能力吗? (2)由序数词修饰,再被非谓语修饰时,一般用不定式作定语,表主谓关系。 She likes to listen to Mr Li

18、s lessons, so she is always the first student to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系) 她喜欢听李先生的课,所以她总是第一个来最后一个走的学生。 (3)在表示有要做的事情时,通常用不定式作定语,不定式与被修饰词之间为被动关系。 Do you have anything to be typed, sir? No, thanks. 先生,你有东西要打印吗? 没有,谢谢。 There is a lot of work to do. 有许多活要干。 注意:(1)在该用法中,使用不定式的主动形式强调动作由句子主语发出;使用被动

19、形 式则强调动作由别人来做:(3)中打印的动作不是句子主语 you 发出,故用被动形式。 Error! (2)若不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则要在该动词后加适当的介词。如: I have no pen to write with. 我没有写字用的笔。 2 动词ing 形式作定语 (1)动词ing 形式的主动式(doing)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系, 表 示该动作的主动和进行。 Recently a survey comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused a heat

20、ed debate among citizens. 近来一个把两个不同商场同类商品价格做一比较的调查引发了市民的激烈讨论。 5 (2)动词ing 形式的一般被动式(being done)作定语与所修饰名词之间存在逻辑上的被动 关系,表示该动作的被动和进行。 The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是给老师们的。 (3)动词ing 形式作定语相当于一个定语从句, 强调经常性状态或动作的进行。 单个词要 前置,短语要后置。 John has really got the job because he showed me the of

21、ficial letter offering him it.(定语 从句 John.the official letter which/that offers him it.) 约翰的确得到了这份工作,因为他给我看了提供他工作的正式信函。 3 动词ed 形式作定语 动词ed 形式(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在被动关系,并表示该动作的 被动或完成。 Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. 建于 1911 年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。 The q

22、uestion discussed(which was discussed) yesterday is important. 昨天讨论的问题是重要的。 注意:作定语的不及物动词的分词形式:doing 和 done。doing 表示正在进行;done 表 示已经完成。 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 开水 developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 典例 1 2016江苏扬州质检The deal,_(complete) next week, will allow Charney to make a g

23、reat fortune in the stock market. 解析 to be completed 根据 next week 可知,“complete”将要发生,修饰“the deal”, 两者构成被动关系,故填 to be completed。 典例 2 2016浙江重点中学适应测试二People tend to love agricultural products _ (grow)without the use of fertilizers, pesticides or chemical additives. 解析 grown 根据句式结构可以看出,空格作定语修饰 products,

24、“grow”与 “products”之间为被动关系且已经发生,故填过去分词。 典例 3 2016安徽合肥质检一My thanks should go to those _ (inspire) me to go ahead and giving me support as well. 解析 inspiring 考查非谓语作定语,此处 inspire 与 those 之间构成主动关系,并且 与 giving 并列,故填 inspiring。 考点二 非谓语动词作宾补 1 常见的非谓语动词作宾补的结构:“动词宾语宾补” ,而在考查过程中,经常见 到的一种结构是其被动结构“be done to do”

25、。 6 My mother allowed me to watch TV after finishing my homework in the evening.(主动语态) I was allowed to watch TV after finishing my homework in the evening. (被动语态) 因此,在熟练掌握主动情况下,更要注意被动语态中补语的结构。 常见的动词有:ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit,

26、 forbid, advise, teach 等。 2 感官动词宾语宾补 感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语主要有 三种形式,试比较(以 see 为例): see宾语Error! I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成) I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她正在唱

27、英文歌。(主动,正在进行) To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible. 为了学好英语,我们应该找机会尽可能多地听英语。(被动,无时间性) 3 使让动词宾语宾补 (1)make宾语Error! (2)have宾语Error! 注意:1在以上省去 to 的不定式作宾补的结构中,若变为被动语态,需将省去的不定 式符号 to 补出来。 He made his workers work 12 hours a day.主动 他让他的工人们每天工作 12 个小时

28、。 His workers were made to work 12 hours a day.被动 2have 还可以用于“have sth. to do/to be done”结构中,其中 have 作“有”讲,不定式 作定语。 I have something urgent to inform you. 我有很紧急的事要通知你们。 Error! 3get宾语 He got me to post the letter for him. 他让我替他寄信。 Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles. 亚历山

29、大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。 Ill get my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。 7 Error! 4keep/leave Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. 对不起让你久等了。 4 表 示 “ 知 道 ” 或 “ 认 为 ” 的 动 词 believe, consider, feel, kn

30、ow, think, suppose, understand, imagine 等的常用结构:动词宾语to do/to have done/to be doing。 以及其被动结构:主语be以上动词的过去分词to do/to have done/to be doing 和主 语besaid/reported 等to do/to have done/to be doing。 其中, to do 表动作发生在谓语之后 ; to have done 表动作发生在谓语之前;to be doing 表动作与谓语同时发生。 Leonardo da Vinci was said to have bought

31、 birds kept in the cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. 据说莱昂纳多达芬奇为了体验/享受放飞鸟的快乐,买了被困在笼子里的鸟。 5with 复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语, 是用现在分词、 过去分词还是动词不 定式作宾语补足语,关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。 With time passing by(time 和 pass 之间为主动关系), he almost forgot everything in the past. 随着时间的流逝,他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。 He sat

32、on the chair, with his hands tied(hands 和 tie 之间为被动关系)behind his back. 他坐在椅子上,双手在背后捆着。 注意:“with宾语to do”结构中如 with 译为“有”的意思,不定式表将要发生的 动作且与宾语是被动关系,此时用不定式的主动形式表被动。 With a lot of problems to solve, the newlyelected president will have a hard time. 有许多问题要解决,这个新选出的总统将有一段艰难的时期。 典例 4 2016陕西西工大附中二模Do you know

33、 who our teacher will have written an article for the wall newspaper?(改错) 解析 writtenwrite 分析句子结构可以看出, 该句 “have”的宾语是 “who”但提到前面, 而宾补“write”剩在原位置,即“have who write an article”,意为“让谁写文章” 。 典例 5 2016重庆一中一诊Jeremy Lin works extremely hard. So he does. He is often seen _ (sweat) heavily before his teammates

34、 have even arrived at practice. 解析 sweating 分析句子结构可以看出该题考查的是“see宾语宾补”这一结构 变为被动语态的形式,看到 Jeremy Lin“正在流汗” ,故用 sweating 作宾补,在该句中转化 为主补。 典例 6 2016北京海淀区期末The spread of the Ebola Virus in Nigeria is believed _ (control) by August, 2014. 解析 to have been controlled 根据句子结构可以看出, 该题考查 “主be过去分词 to do”结构,因 contr

35、ol 已经发生且与 Ebola Virus 之间为被动关系,故用“不定式的完成 式的被动式” 。 8 典例 7 2016湖南郴州质检二With a lot of homework _ (do), I decided not to play with you. 解析 to do 根据句型结构可知,该题考查 with 复合结构,且 with 含有“有”的意 思,根据下文可知“do”这一动作由“I”发出,故用 to do 作宾补。 考点三 非谓语动词作状语 1 不定式作状语 不定式作状语通常表示:(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后);(2)目 的(可用 so as to/in or

36、der to 替换,但 so as to 一般不可置于句首);(3)结果(常表意想不到的结 果,常为 only to do)。 We were very excited to hear the news.(原因) To get there on time I got up very early.(目的) He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(结果) 注意 : 不定式作目的状语在句子后面时,不用逗号隔开,位于句子前时可以隔开。英语 中只用不定式作目的状语。 2 现在分词作状语 现在分词的一般式即 doing 表示动作和谓

37、语动作同时或几乎同时发生, 与句子的主语是 主动关系。现在分词的完成式即 having done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。 Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. 看到没人在家,她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义,非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动 作几乎同时发生) Having waited for an hour, he realized he had left his wallet at home. 等了一个小时后,他意识到他把钱包落在了家中。(主动意义,非谓语动词的动作发生 在谓语动词动作之前) Having bee

38、n asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. 我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。(被动意义,非谓语动词的动作 发生在谓语动词动作之前) 3 过去分词作状语 (1)过去分词短语作状语时可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随和结果等,也可以改为相应 的从句或并列句。 Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year. If I am given good health, I hope to finish the work this year. 如果身

39、体健康,我希望今年完成这项工作。 注意 : 在 when, while, if, as if, though, as, until, once, whether, unless, where等连词连接的状语从句中, 常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词, 形成分词短语。 When treated with kindness, he was very lovely.当友好地对待他时,他很可爱。 9 (2)部分过去分词来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示被动关系,其前不用 being。这样的 过去分词及短语常见的有 : seated(坐着的), hidden(躲着), stationed(驻扎), lost

40、/absorbed in(沉溺 于), born in(出身于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦了), faced with(面对)以及表示使某人处于某 状态的动词。如:interested, surprised, satisfied, moved 等。 Absorbed in his book,he didnt notice me enter the room. 专心于读书,他没注意到我进入房间。 Faced with a gradual rise of seawater , some nations in the Pacific are considering m

41、oving in the near future. 面对海水不断上涨(的情况),有些位于太平洋的国家正考虑未来迁移。 注意:1以上这些类的过去分词,从汉语理解方面,逻辑主语与该动词之间为主动关 系,但应使用过去分词。此类词后往往紧跟一个介词,故在不能理解其用法时,若空格后紧 跟一个介词,且填非谓语动词,则可填过去分词。 2选择分词作状语时,主要分辨该动词与句子主语之间的关系:如果逻辑上是主动关 系则用现在分词 ; 如果逻辑上是被动关系,则用过去分词,兼顾注意动作的先后关系。区别 下面句子: Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even m

42、ore beautiful. 从山顶上看,这个公园显得更加美丽。“see”与主语“the park”之间存在逻辑上的动 宾关系 Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。“see”与主语“we”之间存在逻辑上 的主谓关系 4 独立主格结构作状语 如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语, 须在分词前面加上它自己的主语, 这种结 构叫独立主格结构, 其作用相当于状语从句 ; 有时也用 with 复合结构(with宾语宾语补足 语)作状语。 (1)名词/主格代

43、词现在分词。 名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。 The girl staring at him(As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 女孩两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。 (2)名词/主格代词过去分词。 名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。 The problems solved(As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。 (3)名词/主格代词不定式。 名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑上

44、的主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。 He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。 典例 8 2016湖南郴州质检_(compare) with conducting an interview by QQ 10 online, a facetoface interview in person can provide people with more reliable details. 解析 Compared 根据句子结构可知,考查非谓语作状语,逻辑主语,“a facetoface

45、 interview”与“compare”之间为被动关系,故填过去分词。该题用汉语理解会给 考生错觉:“与相比”翻译出来为主动,但英语要用过去分词。窍门:空格后有介词, 可在不懂语法的情况下,填写过去分词。 典例 9 2016四川南充二诊We all believe that the project, if _ (carry)out according to plan,will definitely work out well. 解析 carried 考查“连词非谓语”作状语结构,其中“carry”与“the project”为被动 关系,故填 carried。 典例 10 2016北京西城区

46、一模A new learning center has been built in the school, _ (allow) students to get to know the world more easily. 解析 allowing 根据句子结构,可知考查非谓语作状语。“allow”与句子主语之间为 主动关系,故填现在分词。 典例 11 2016重庆巴蜀中学模拟一James Smith and his girlfriend went to Chenyi Square to celebrate the New Year, never _ (return) 解析 to return 考

47、查不定式作结果状语。从句意中可以发现,此处表示意想不到的 结果。 考点四 非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语 1 动词不定式和动词ing 形式作主语 不定式表示某一具体的,尤其是未发生的动作 ; 动词ing 形式表示抽象的、泛指的动作, 尤其是一般行为倾向。两者可位于句首,也可用 it 作形式主语,而把不定式或动词ing 形式 置于后面,动名词用 it 作形式主语代替时,常用于“it is no use/good doing sth.”结构中。 Its not easy to learn English well.Reading as much as possible is necessary. 学

48、好英语不容易,广泛阅读是有必要的。 It is no good learning without practice. 只学习不实践没有好处。 Its important for the figures to be updated regularly. 对数字进行定期更新很重要。 2 动词不定式和动词ing 形式可用作宾语 (1)afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, expect, fail, hope, manage, promise, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish 等动词后要接不定式作宾语。 The Smiths decided to devote all they had to setting up some hospitals for poor people. 史密斯夫妇决定倾其所有为穷人建一些医院。 (2)come, get

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