1、三年（2017-2019）高考真题英语分项汇编专题 20 完形填空说明文、议论文一、2019 年高考真题（无）二、2018 年高考真题（无）三、2017 年高考真题（无）2016 年高考题【2016上海】Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the
2、context.In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction
3、 in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritaria
4、n (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-makingall members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by
5、the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers canno
6、t.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may b
7、e 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business
8、plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team mem
9、bers in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike 52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme 53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above 55. A. re
10、placing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging 56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male 59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing 60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating 61
11、. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally 63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness【文章大意】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的
12、人性假设理论中的X 理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。51.D 考查上下文串联。根据后半句will do anything to avoid it可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。52.A 考查上下文串联。短语 to the contrary 相反的；to the degree 在某种程度上；to the extreme 走向极端；在文章第一段中提到了 X 理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而 Y 理论认为大多
13、数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意 X 理论。故 A 正确。53.B 考查上下文串联。本句中 for example 表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意 X 理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于 X 理论的举例说明。故 B 正确。54.D 考查上下文串联。根据后句“.makes for authoritarian managers”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故 D 项“above 上面的”正
14、确。55.C 考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词 manage 管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故 C 正确。56.B 考查动词短语辨析。短语 refer to 提到，谈到；contributeto 做贡献；导致；object to 反对；apply to 适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故 B 正确。57.A 考查上下文串联。名词 agreement 同意；practice 练习，做法；election 选举；impression 印象；亚洲人使用协商式的管
15、理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故 A 正确。58.D 考查上下文串联。根据前半句“women will become more effective managers than men”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故 D 正确。59.A 考查上下文串联。根据前句 “. encourage employees to use their own initiative.鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故 A 项正确。60.C 考查
16、上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing 缩小规模的趋势” ，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce 减少”符合上下文串联。61.B 考查短语辨析辨析。动词 be honored with 被授予；be left with 留下，剩下；be crowded with 挤满；be compared with 与.相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故 B 正确。62.B 考查副词辨析。副词 economically 经济地；traditio
17、nally 传统地；inadequately 不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management.”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故 B 正确。63.D 考查动词辨析。动词 deny 否认；admit 承认；assume 假定，设想；ensure 保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知 D 正确。64.A 考查上下文串联。形容词 virtual 虚拟的；ineffective 低效的；day-t
18、o-day 日常的；on-the-scene 现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故 A 正确。65.C 考查名词辨析。名词 opinion 观点；risk 冒险；performance 表现；attractiveness 魅力；根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects
19、，rather than the amount of time they spend on them“可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故 C 项正确。【名师点睛】本篇完形填空对于上下文串联及词汇的复现进行了集中考查，占到了三分之二。由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，围绕一个话题论述，因此在行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。
20、但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。如本文 57 题考查上下文串联。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故 A 项名词“agreement 同意、协议”正确。2015 年高考试题议论文类【2015广东】 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从 115 各题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that
21、the human body is _1_ to live no longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live if he or she is _2_ healthy and lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce _3_. They wear out, a
22、nd as a result, we get old and _4_ die.Even though we cant live forever, we are living a _5_ life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span (寿命) was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the _6_ line between middle age
23、and old age. After all, many older people dont begin to experience physical and mental _7_ until after age 75.People are living longer because more people _8_ childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many children died of common childhood _9_. Now that the chances of dying _10_
24、are much lower, the chances of living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.On the whole, our population is getting older. The _11_ in our population will have lasting effects on our social development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while
25、 some see _12_, not disaster, many men and women in their “golden years” are healthy, still active, and young in _13_ if not in age.As the society grows old, we need the _14_ of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to _15_ active and devoted.1. A. designed B. selected C. impr
26、oved D. discovered2. A. completely B. generally C. apparently D. extremely3. A. rapidly B. harmlessly C. endlessly D. separately4. A. eventually B. hopelessly C. automatically D. desperately5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier6. A. finishing B. guiding C. waiting D. dividing7. A. stress B. da
27、mage C. decline D. failure8. A. survive B. enjoy C. remember D. value9. A. problems B. fears C. worries D. diseases10. A. poor B. young C. sick D. quiet11. A. changes B. recovery C. safety D. increases12. A. dreams B. chances C. strengths D. choices13. A. mind B. appearance C. voice D. movement14. A
28、. protection B. suggestions C. contributions D. permission15. A. sound B. appear C. turn D. stay【文章大意】这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命是有限的，但是随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的寿命比以前更长了，而且老龄化已经成为了社会的一个趋势。我们的社会需要这些老年人们继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。1.A 考查动词及语境的理解。句意：大多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过 120 岁。designed 设计； selected 选择，挑选；improved 提高，改善；discovered
29、发现。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类最多不会活过 120 岁，故应选 A。2.D 考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而 110 岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命- 如果他非常的健康和幸运。completely 完全地；generally 一般地；apparently 显然地；extremely 极其，非常。根据句意可知，如果一个人非常的健康而且很幸运，人们希望能活到 110 岁。故选 D。3.C 考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而我们的细胞不会一直无止境的再生。rapidly 快速地；harmlessly 无害地；endlessly 无止境的； separately 分离地，分开
30、地。根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境的再生，因此人的寿命是有限的。因此应选 C。4.A 考查副词及语境的理解。句意：他们（细胞）慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最终；hopelessly 没有希望地； automatically 自动地；desperately 绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选 A。5.B 考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：尽管我们不能永久的活着，我们的寿命比以前是更长了。busier 更忙的；longer 更长的；richer 更富有的；happier 更开心的。根据这一段的内容可知，现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选 B。6.D 考查形容词及语境
31、的理解。句意：作为中年和老年的分界线，65岁可能已经过时了。finishing 完成；guiding 指导，指引；waiting 等待；dividing划分。根据文意可知，把65岁当做中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的形势了。dividing line分界线，故选D 。7.C 考查名词及语境的理解。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰落。stress压力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure失败。根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在75岁之后身体和精神才开始衰弱的，故选C。8.A 考查动词及语境的理解。句意：现在人们活得更长因为更多的人从
32、童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；enjoy 喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value 价值，估价。根据这一段的内容和 the chances of living long are much higher due to a better diets and health care 可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故选 A。9.D 考查名词及语境的理解。句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems 问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知，以前的人们因为很多普
33、遍的儿童疾病而死，所以导致平均寿命比较低。故选 D。10.B 考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更高了，因为有了更好的饮食和医学护理。poor 穷的；young 年轻的； sick 病的；quiet 安静的。根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young 就是年少死去。故选 B。11.A 考查名词及语境的理解。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。changes 改变；recovery 恢复； safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。根据下文中 Some people fea
34、r such changes will可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选 A。12.B 考查名词及语境的理解。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，而不是灾难。dreams 梦想； chances 机会；strengths 力量；choices 选择。根据句意可知，这句话中的 while 表示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选 B。13.A 考查名词及语境的理解。句意：现在，很多处在 “黄金年龄 ”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，仍然积极，心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement 移动。根据句意可知，这里应该
35、是说虽然年龄老了，但是心态依然年轻，故选 A。14.C 考查名词及语境的理解。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission 允许。根据文意可知，现在的社会逐渐老龄化，因此老年人也要继续给我们的社会做贡献，故选 C。15.D 考查动词及语境的理解。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听起来；appear 好像；出现；turn 转，变成；stay 保持。根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献
36、。故应选 D。【名师点睛】这篇短文是一篇议论文，讨论了人类寿命增加这个话题，主要考查学生名词、形容词、动词、副词等实词在具体语言环境下的使用和词义辨析，同时考查学生的语篇理解的能力。学生要在理解短文大意的基础上，对每个题目中设置的选项进行辨析，同时还需要注意上下文的暗示，选出最符合文意的一项。2014 年高考试题议论文类【2014广东卷】完形填空Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1 feelings about their parents, saying th
37、at it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2 between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 3 rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their childrens refusal to help with the 4 . On the
38、other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 5 the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 6 to these problem
39、s. However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8 clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens 9 . On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10 of their actions can do better.
40、 For example, when teenagers who dont help their parents with the shopping dont find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11 their actions.Psychologists say that 12 is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 13 to their children but at the same
41、time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may 14 their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and 15 each other that problems between parents and chi
42、ldren can be settled.1.A. natural B. strong C. guilty D. similar2.A. interest B. argument C. link D.knowledge3.A. noisy B. crowded C. messy D. locked4.A. homework B. housework C. problem D. research5.A. washing B. using C. dropping D. replacing6.A. approaches B. contributions C. introductions D. att
43、itudes7.A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful8.A. later B. deliberately C. seldom D. thoroughly9.A. behavior B. taste C. future D. nature10.A. failures B. changes C. consequences D. thrills11.A. defend B. delay C. repeat D. reconsider12.A. communication B. bond C. friendship D. trust13.A
44、. reply B. attend C. attach D. talk14.A. hate B. scold C. frighten D. stop15.A. loving B. observing C. understanding D. praising【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。讨论了家长和孩子如何相处的问题。一味的责备会使得亲情疏远。父母也应该倾听孩子的心里话。沟通是一个双向的过程。做一个聪明的善解人意的家长更受孩子的欢迎。1.D 考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。父母觉得很难与青少年生活。然后青少年也有和父母相似的感受，说和他们一起生活不容易。此处 natural 自然的；strong
45、强壮的； guity 犯罪的；similar 相似的。根据空前、空后的提示可知，父母和孩子有着相似的感觉。故选 D。2.B 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。根据最近的一项研究，父母与青少年之间的最常见的争吵是关于邋逼和每日的例行任务。此处 interest 兴趣；argumet 争论，争吵；link 联系；nowledge 知识。根据下文可知，因为父母不满意孩子不能保持自己房间的干净、整齐、卫生而发生争吵。故选 B。3.C 考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。 根据：扔在地板上的衣服，可知房间很凌乱。 此处 noisy 喧闹的；crowded 拥挤的；messy 杂乱的；locked 上锁的。故选 C。
46、4.B 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。凌乱的房间，扔在地板上的衣服等这些都是家务方面的事。此处 homework 作业；housework 家务；problem 难题；research 研究，调查。故选 B。5.C 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。另一方面，青少年认为父母因为仅仅是把浴室里的毛巾掉在地上等一些小事而责怪他们而不耐烦。 此处 washing 洗；using 使用；dropping 落下；replacing 更换，替代。drop the towel 把毛巾掉在地上。故选 C。6.A 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。圣乔治大学的研究表明不同的父母对这些问题有不同的方法。此处approaches
47、 方法，途径；contributions 贡献；introductions 介绍，入门；attitudes 态度；看法。下一句有 approaches 一词。故选 A。7.D 考查形容词词义辨析及语境理解。然而，一些方法比其他人的更成功。 此处 complex 复杂的；popular 受欢迎的；scientific 科学的；successful 成功的。接下来列举了一些成功的父母的做法。故选 D。8.A 考查副词词义辨析及语境理解。例如，父母先因为孩子邋遢而大吼大叫，后来又为他们收拾房间。此处 later 后来；deliberately 故意地； seldom 很少；thoroughly 彻底
48、。这样的父母我们生活中不少见。故选 A。9.A 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。例如，那些因为孩子邋遢而大吼大叫但是后来又为他们房间打扫的的父母有更少的机会改变他们孩子的行为。此处 behavior 行为；taste 味道；future 未来；nature 自然。孩子不改变行为是因为父母责备了他们然后又帮他们收拾使孩子认为被批评了就可以不做了。自然行为得不到改变。故选 A。10.C 考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。根据后面可知，与此相反，那些让青少年体验他们的行为的结果的父母可以做得更好。此处 failures 失败；changes 变化；consequences 结果；thrills 兴奋、震颤。故选C。11.D 考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。例如，当青少年不购物帮助他们的父母购物时，他们在冰箱里就找不到他们最喜爱的饮料，这样他们就被迫重新考虑他们的行动。 此处 defend 防御；delay 耽搁；repea
