1、Section_ Grammar 非限制性定语从句和定语从句的缩略语法图解探究发现She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into mouth.The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.A person with his head in the clouds is a dreamer, whose mind is not in the real world.Qingdao is a beautiful city, wher
2、e Ill pay a sixday visit.They have a son and two daughters, all of whom live in the city.He lived in London for two months, during which time he picked up some English.David, as you know, is an amateur photographer.He spoke to the girl (who was) from Paris.We said goodbye to Mr. Green, (who was) sti
3、ll busy at his office.我的发现(1)句中，关系词前面均有逗号，它们为非限制性定语 从句。(2)句中都可以省略括号中的词，从而构成定语从句的缩略。一、非限制性定语从句 1作用 非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号隔开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。2关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句 关系代词有 as, which, who, whom, whose 等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语。当先行词指人时，通常使用 who, whom, whose 来引导；当先行词指物时，通常使用 which来引导。关系代词不
4、可以省略。另外，that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。A fiveyearold boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令在场的所有人感到惊讶。Bobs father, who worked on the project, spent four years in Egypt.鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。As can be seen from his face, he is quite pleased.从他的脸上可以看出来，他非常高兴。名师点津
5、 由 as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句，as 和 which 可指代整个主句或主句所表达的整个意思，相当于 and this 或 and that，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有：(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which 不可。(2)as 后常接 expect, know, report, say, see 等动词的主、被动语态句，有 “正如，就像”之意；which 常翻译为“这一点”。即时演练 1(1)用适当的关系代词填空Have you seen the film Warcraft( 魔兽), whose leading actor is worl
6、d famous? My friend, who has served on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.As we all know, China is a developing country. My uncle gave me a book, the cover of which is very beautiful.Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. (2)完成句子 The boy, whose_fat
7、her_is_an_engineer,_studies very hard. 那个小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。These apple trees, which _I_planted_three_years_ago,_have not borne any fruit. 我三年前栽的这些苹果树还没有结过果实。3关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句 当先行词指时间或地点时，用 when, where 引导非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作状语。why 不引导非限制性定语从句，但可用 for which 代替。We will put off the outing until next week, w
8、hen we wont be so busy.我们将把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会那么忙了。Many children go to a day care centre, where they can learn games.很多孩子上日间托儿所，在那儿他们可以学习游戏。即时演练 2(1)用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空 They went to London, where they lived for six months. He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will stay with his family. Well g
9、raduate in July, when we will be free. They reached the hotel yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held. (2)完成句子(浙江高考改编)I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade, when_I_went_up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. 五年级时，我爬上一棵树去取卡在树枝上的风筝，直到那时我才成为一名真正的登山爱好者
10、。4“名词/代词介词关系代词 ”结构此类结构常见的有 some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the largest .of which/whom 等形式。Here are the questions, some of which I thought are difficult for you.问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说太难了。即时演练 3 (1)选词填空：which, whomJohn invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.Engl
11、ish is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently.(2)完成句子(2016江苏高考改编)Many young people, most_of_whom were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than twothirds_of_
12、which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中超过三分之二的土地已经耕种。The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff, eighty_percent_of_whom are women. 这家纺织厂有 8 千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。二、定语从句的缩略有些定语从句可以缩略为各种短语，如分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语及动词不定式短语等，且句意不受影响。我们称这一语言现象为定语从句的缩略。1缩略为分词短语有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词(who, which, that)和部分谓语(a
13、m, is, are 等)，从而使之缩略为现在分词短语或过去分词短语作后置定语。The people who live in the village have moved to other areas.The people living in the village have moved to other areas.住在这个村子里的人们已经搬到其他地方了。They are problems which have been left over by history.They are problems left over by history.这些是历史遗留下来的问题。名师点津 有些定语从句不能
14、按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为分词。这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和语态。The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking.The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking.那辆汽车的主人将因违章停车而被处以罚款。2缩略为形容词短语若定语从句为主系表结构，且表语由形容词短语充当，可直接略去作主语的关系代词和系动词，从而使定语从句缩略为形容词短语作后置定语。He saw a magazine on the table tha
15、t/which was next to him.He saw a magazine on the table next to him.在他旁边的桌子上，他看到了一本杂志。My uncle lives in a village that/which is remote from the madding crowd.My uncle lives in a village remote from the madding crowd.我叔叔住在一个远离喧嚣尘世的村庄里。3缩略为名词短语由名词短语作表语的非限制性定语从句略去作主语的关系代词和系动词便成为名词短语作同位语。We finally reach
16、ed Rio, (which was) the end of our journey.我们最后抵达里约我们旅行的终点站。4缩略为介词短语若定语从句为主系表结构，且表语为介词短语，可略去作主语的关系代词和系动词，使之缩略为介词短语作后置定语。Then the man who was in the shop understood what the Frenchman meant.Then the man in the shop understood what the Frenchman meant.然后商店里的人明白了法国人的意思。Do you know where is the black cu
17、p that/which was on the shelf?Do you know where is the black cup on the shelf?你知道以前架子上的黑色杯子现在在哪里吗？名师点津 若定语从句中含动词 has, have, had (有)，可以用介词 with/without 代替定语从句中作主语的关系代词和谓语动词 has/have/had, 使定语从句缩略为 with/without 短语作后置定语。with 适用于肯定的定语从句； without 适用于否定的定语从句。The teacher was looking for a rule that didnt ha
18、ve an exception.The teacher was looking for a rule without an exception.老师在寻找一条无例外的规则。5缩略为动词不定式短语某些含有情态动词或助动词的定语从句可缩略为动词不定式短语作后置定语。There are still many problems that must be solved.There are still many problems to solve.还有许多问题必须解决。The question which will be discussed tomorrow is whether workers sala
19、ry should be increased.The question to be discussed tomorrow is whether workers salary should be increased.明天要讨论的问题是工人薪水是否应该增加。即时演练 4(1)用所给词的适当形式填空Theres a note pinned to the door saying (say) when the shop will open again. The airport to _be_completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism
20、in this area.(2)完成句子The house damaged _in_the_fire will be rebuilt soon.在火灾中损坏的房子不久就要被翻修。(过去分词短语作定语)The train leaving_from _Platform_5 goes to Beijing. 从第五站台开出的火车驶往北京。(现在分词短语作定语)This is the best thing to_do in memory of our beloved teacher. 这是为纪念我们敬爱的老师所做的最好的事情。(不定式作定语)The box full_of_books is mine.
21、装满书的箱子是我的。(形容词短语作定语 ) He lives in a small house near_the_zoo.他住在动物园附近的小房子里。(介词短语作定语).单句语法填空 1(2017天津高考改编)My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.2(2016浙江高考改编)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been p
22、roved.3(2015福建高考改编)China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. 4(2015江苏高考改编)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 5(2015北京高考改编)Opposite is St. Pauls Church, where you can
23、 hear some lovely music. 6(2015重庆高考改编)He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.7The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. 8York, which I visited last year, is a nice old city. 9Please give the book to Jessica, whom
24、we met in the hall just now. 10None of us accepted the reason he explained, for which he was absent. .完成句子1(2017北京高考书面表达)Material collecting took us a whole week, during_which_we_interviewed_our_teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.搜集材料花了我们整整一周的时间，在此期间我们采访了老师并拍摄了学校生活的各个方面。2(2015
25、北京高考书面表达)I am going to take part in a Dragon Boat Training Camp, which_will_start_on_June_17 and end on June 20. 我打算参加一个龙舟训练营，训练营将在 6 月 17 日开始，6 月 20 日结束。3(2015四川高考书面表达)I have taught some foreigners Mandarin, which_makes_me_have_much_experience_in_teaching. 我已经教过许多外国人学习普通话，这使我在教学方面有许多经验。4(2015全国卷书面表
26、达)Well also spend some fun time together singing, dancing and playing games, which_we_hope_will_make_them_happy. 我们还将会在一起唱歌、跳舞、玩游戏，度过一段快乐的时间，我们希望这能使他们高兴。5They were the last two to_go_aboard_the_ship.他们是最后两个上船的。6The girl standing_under_the_tree is my younger sister.站在树下的那个女孩是我妹妹。7He is cleaning the w
27、indows, many_of_which_are_very_dirty.他正在擦窗子，很多窗子很脏。8He has many friends, some_of_whom_are_from_foreign_countries.他有很多朋友，其中一些来自外国。.短文改错 My brother used to ask me question whenever he did his homework, that made me annoyed. But every time he accepted my explanations I felt that I was the smartest pers
28、on in the world. Answered his questions, I always liked to say that he was so stupid to solve such simple problems.Last week both of them got the report cards from our school. Unexpectedly, I got a lot of Bs, though he got As. To make things worse, all that day my brother screamed how foolish it was for me not to ask questions! I could say nothing but admit that he was right. I have never made a fun of him since then. 答案：第一句：questionquestions; thatwhich第二句：But And第三句：AnsweredAnswering; sotoo第四句：them us第五句：thoughwhile第六句：forof第七句：but 后加 to第八句：去掉 a
