1、专题五 主谓一致和动词的 时态、语态,-2-,高考感悟,考点归纳,.单句语法填空 1.(2018全国卷)Since 2011,the country has grown(grow) more corn than rice. 2.(2018北京卷)Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working(work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 6.(2018北京卷)Chinas high-speed railways have grown(grow) fr
2、om 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.,-3-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.(2018江苏卷)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other,for we will have developed(develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then. 5.(2018北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who had
3、 been trapped(trap) in the mountains for two days. 6.(2018天津卷)My washing machine is being repaired(repair) this week,so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 7.(2018江苏卷)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past two years. 8.(2017天津卷)I w
4、as driving(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.,-4-,高考感悟,考点归纳,9.(2017江苏卷)He hurried home,never once looking back to see if he was being followed(follow). 10.(2017天津卷)Nowadays,cycling,along with jogging and swimming,is regarded(regard) as one of the best all-round
5、 forms of exercise.,-5-,高考感悟,考点归纳,.单句改错 1.(2018全国卷)At that moment,I remembered that my father once said,“The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks,and mistakes as well.” includeincludes 2.(2018全国卷)I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high scho
6、ol. arewere 3.(2018全国卷)It was Monday morning,and the writing class had just begin. beginbegun,-6-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点一 主谓一致 谓语动词的数应与主语的人称和数保持一致,这叫主谓一致。在判定一个句子主谓是否一致时,要遵循下列三个原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。“语法一致”也就是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词亦为复数形式。“意义一致”就是从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致的问题。主语形式为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词依意义而定,也采用复数形
7、式。“就近一致”是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和与其最近的主语保持一致。,-7-,高考感悟,考点归纳,1.谓语动词用单数形式的情况 (1)主语为表示时间、距离、金钱、书名等整体概念的名词时。 Ten miles is not a long way for me. (2)由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词做主语,前面由不定代词every/each/no修饰时。 Each boy and(each) girl has an apple. (3)and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,且两个名词共用一个冠词时。 A teacher of English and class teacher
8、 is telling us something about volunteer workers now. 一位英语老师兼班主任现在正告诉我们关于义工们的一些情况。 (4)“the number of+复数名词”做主语时。 The number of professors present at the meeting is 1,800.,-8-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(5)动词-ing(短语)、不定式、从句做主语时。 What the teacher of the science class does and says is of great importance to the students
9、 at college. (6)“more than one+单数名词”和“many a+单数名词”做主语时。 More than one student has gone to Beijing. Hey!Here is a message on my cellphone,telling me that I have won first prize of a weekend for two in Paris. Delete it!Its a trick.Many a person has been cheated by such tricks. (7)“the+形容词”做主语,表示一类抽象的事
10、物时,谓语动词用单数形式。 The new is sure to replace the old.,-9-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.谓语动词用复数形式的情况 (1)有些集合名词如:clothes,cattle,folk,people,police 等做主语,后面的谓语动词用复数形式。 The police are searching for the murderer. (2)“the+形容词/分词”做主语,表示某一类人时,谓语动词用复数形式。 The old are living a happy life now. (3)由and或both.and.连接两个单数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式
11、(不可数名词同样)。 Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.,-10-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.谓语动词单复数形式视情况而定 (1)集合名词如:group,family,class,government,team,public,enemy,crowd,audience,club,party,crew等做主语时,如果看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式,如果侧重其成员,谓语动词用复数形式。 My family has four people.My family all like watching football games. (2)主语是单复数同
12、形的名词如:deer,sheep,fish,series,means,works,aircraft等时,视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数形式。 Every means has been tried,but none proved successful. Many means have not come into effect.,-11-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(3)代词none,neither,all以及what引导的从句等做主语,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于所指代的内容。 All we need is a small piece of land where we can plant vari
13、ous kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. What they have are 200 computers. (4)population表示“人口”,即一个国家或地区的居民数目,它做主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时,population是指一个国家或地区的全体居民,它做主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。 The population of Canada is about 36 million. Eighty percent of the population in that cou
14、ntry are farmers.,-12-,高考感悟,考点归纳,4.“名词(或代词)+介词短语”做主语时的主谓一致 (1)有时主语与谓语动词之间插入一个介词短语,该短语对谓语动词不产生影响。 The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly. (2)当主语后面跟有with,together with,along with,accompanied by,like,in addition to,as well as,as much as,more than,rather than,no less than,except,but,besid
15、es,including 等连接的单词(词组)时,其谓语动词的单复数形式要与它们前面的主语保持一致。 Newspapers,as well as the Internet,play an important role in daily communication.,-13-,高考感悟,考点归纳,5.“名词(或代词)+of+名词”做主语时的主谓一致 (1)由some,plenty,a lot,lots,most,the rest,all,half,part或分数、百分数+of+名词等短语做主语时,谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。如果of后面所接名词为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式;如果of后
16、面所接名词为单数或不可数名词,谓语动词就用单数形式。 About one third of the books are well worth reading. Over 30% of the work has been finished. (2)由a kind of,this kind of,many kinds of,名词+of this kind(type,sort,part,piece,section,pair)等构成的短语做主语时,谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。 This kind of animals is dangerous. Animals of this kind are
17、 dangerous.,-14-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(3)“a large amount of+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。 “large amounts of+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数形式。 “a good/great deal of+不可数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。 Vast amounts of money are being invested in the local market. One survey shows that a great deal of water is wasted every year in China,and that one
18、 third is available to be saved.,-15-,高考感悟,考点归纳,6.就近原则 (1)由or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies. Are either you or your brother going to the party? (2)there be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。 There are some
19、envelopes and paper for you.,-16-,高考感悟,考点归纳,7.定语从句中的主谓一致 (1)在定语从句中,关系代词that,who,which等做主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 Those who have seen the film please put up your hands. (2)“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中谓语动词要用复数形式。 Tom is one of the boys who have gone abroad. (3)“the only one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。
20、 He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.,-17-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点二 动词的时态和语态 1.一般现在时 (1)一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式一般由动词原形后加-s或-es构成。其变化规则如下:,-18-,高考感悟,考点归纳,-19-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(2)表示习惯性、经常性、现在反复出现的动作或状态。 He goes to school every day.(经常性动作) He is very happy.(现在的状态) (3)表示永恒的状态或真
21、理。 “Life is like walking in the snow,” Granny used to say,“because every step shows.” 祖母过去常说:“人生就像在雪中行走,因为每一步都会留下痕迹。” The moon moves around the earth.,-20-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(4)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时,而不用将来时。 Whenever you buy a present,you should think about it from the receivers point
22、of view. 无论何时,你买礼物的话,都应该从接受者的角度来考虑它。 Unless some extra money is found,the theatre will close.,-21-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(5)时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作,用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So what is the procedure? All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority. 那程序是怎么安排的呢? 在职权部门做最后的决定之前所有的申请人
23、都要参加面试。 The train leaves at 8 oclock.,-22-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.一般将来时 (1)will 表示将来的动作或状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come. 据报道在以后的几年里月球上要建一个空间站。 Fish will die without water. (2)be going to 表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。 We are going to have a meeting today. 表示根据
24、某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。 It is going to rain.,-23-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(3)be to 表示预先安排好的计划或约定。 Are we to go on with this work? 表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令等。 We are to take care of the children. 表示注定要发生的事情。 Her plan is to be a failure. (4)be about to 表示即将发生的动作,不与具体的时间状语连用,可与when引导的时间状语从句连用。 The plane is about to leave.,-24
25、-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(5)will与be going to的区别 will多表示说话时才做出的决定,或临时决定做某事。be going to表示事先经过考虑或做好安排将要做某事。 What time is it? I have no idea.But just a minute,I will check it for you.,-25-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.一般过去时 (1)一般过去时的构成 一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成,其变化规则如下:,-26-,高考感悟,考点归纳,-27-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(2)表示过去时间内发生的动作,或者过去反复
26、发生的动作。 I wasnt able to hide my eagerness when I asked,“What do you wish me to do now?” 当我问“你希望我现在干什么?”时,我无法隐藏我的渴望。 Havent seen you for ages!Where have you been? I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year,teaching as a volunteer. I read several of Mo Yans works when I was studying abroad.,-28-,高
27、考感悟,考点归纳,4.现在进行时 (1)现在进行时的构成 现在进行时的构成形式为:am/is/are+v.-ing。 v.-ing形式的变化规则如下:,-29-,高考感悟,考点归纳,-30-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(2)由“be+或v.-ing”构成,表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。 Hi,lets go skating. Sorry,Im busy right now.I am filling in an application form for a new job. (3)go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,start,begin,meet等动词的现在进行时表示按计
28、划、安排即将发生的动作。 Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow. (4)与always,constantly,forever,continually,all the time 等连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩。 He is always helping others. (5)进行时有时可表示渐变过程。 His health is improving every day.,-31-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(6)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。 表示心理状态、情感的动词:like,love,hate,care,believe,w
29、ant,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等。 表示存在的状态的动词:appear,exist,lie,remain,seem等。 表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词:allow,accept,remember,permit,promise,admit,complete等。 感官动词:see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。,-32-,高考感悟,考点归纳,5.现在完成时 现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成,其使用通常有两种情况: (1)所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体的时间状语。 Oh,no!We
30、re too late.The train has left. Thats OK.Well catch the next train to London.,-33-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for.和 since.等表示一段时间的状语或 so far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。 In the last few years,China has made great achievements in environmental protection. 在过去的几年中,中国在环境保护方面取得了重大成就。 Have you he
31、ard of the accident on this road last night? Yes.And there have been three accidents here so far this year. 注意有些表示短暂性动作的词,如 come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。,-34-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。 Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. Dont get of
32、f the bus until it has stopped.,-35-,高考感悟,考点归纳,6.过去进行时 表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,或者过去某个阶段正在做的事情。 She was phoning someone,so I nodded to her and went away. In 1980 he was studying in a university. 7.过去将来时 表示从过去就预计要发生的动作或者存在的状态,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句常用一般过去时。 At college,Barack Obama didnt know that he was to become th
33、e first black president of the United States of America. James has just arrived,but I didnt know he was coming until yesterday.,-36-,高考感悟,考点归纳,8.过去完成时 (1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,也可以表示从过去某一时间开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去的另一时间,即“过去的过去”。 I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived. (2)表示未
34、曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等,常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式表示,即:hoped/planned.+to have done。 I had hoped to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.,-37-,高考感悟,考点归纳,9.现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时是由“have/has been+v.-ing”构成的,用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作,它具备“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩
35、”等特点。 The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. It has been raining for 2 days. (表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩),-38-,高考感悟,考点归纳,10.几组时态的区别 (1)一般过去时与现在完成时 时间上有差异:凡有明确的过去时间的均用过去时,不能用完成时,如含有ago,last year,just now,the other day。 结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作
36、发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。 I came to Beijing last year,and have been here since then.,-39-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(2)一般过去时与过去完成时 这两个时态都和现在没有关系,都表示过去的动作。但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作;而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作。 When I got to the party,many of them had left for home.,-40-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(3)一般过去时与过去进行时 尽管二者所表示的
37、动作都发生在过去,但一般过去时着重强调过去的动作,表示已经结束。而过去进行时仅表示过去某一时间点,一个动作正在进行,有什么样的结果不得而知。 He wrote three letters last night. (表示他写了三封信,暗指都已写完) He was writing a letter at 9:00 last night. (表示当时他在写信,后来是否写完就未知了),-41-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(4)现在完成时与现在完成进行时 现在完成时强调的是动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作,这个动作仍在继续,强调动作的持续性。 I have painted my ne
38、w house. 我已经给我的新房子上完漆了。(强调已完成) I have been painting my new house. 我一直在给我的新房子上漆。(强调动作还在继续) 现在完成进行时可以表示动作的反复,现在完成时一般不表示反复性。 Have you been meeting our teacher these days? 这些天来你一直见到我们老师吗?(强调动作的反复) Have you met our teacher recently? 近来你见过我们的老师吗?(强调结果),-42-,高考感悟,考点归纳,11.固定结构中的时态 (1)hardly.when.,no sooner.
39、than.句型中,主句中用过去完成时,从句中用一般过去时。 Hardly had I opened the door when Tom came in. 我刚一开门,汤姆就进来了。 (2)since,in the last/past+一段时间,so far,recently等常与现在完成时搭配。 Great changes have taken place in our country in the last few years. (3)This/That/It is/was the first/second.time+that从句,若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时
40、态用过去完成时。 This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.,-43-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(4)“by+时间状语”要与完成时搭配使用。 You will have learned about 3,000 words by the end of next month. (5)It+be.before.“要过才”或“在以后才”。在这个句型中,若be动词用一般过去时,则before 从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则before 从句中常用一般现在时。 Im sorry yo
41、uve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time before Brian gets back. (6)was/were about to do.when.在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式。 I was about to leave when he came in. 我正要离开这时他进来了。,-44-,高考感悟,考点归纳,12.主动语态表示被动意义 (1)表示状态特征的系动词,如look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appear等构成的系表结构。 The soup smells good but ta
42、stes terrible. (2)表示主语某种属性、特征的动词,如read,write,sell,wash,clean,wear,shut。 This kind of material washes easily. (3)表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,run等。 The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.,-45-,高考感悟,考点归纳,13.动词的被动语态 语态说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,也就
43、是动作的对象,所以只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。 Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years. In some parts of the world,tea is served with milk and sugar. 几种特殊形式的被动结构:,-46-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(1)“be+过去分词+不定式”形式的被动结构 He is reported to have broken a world reco
44、rd. (2)“It+be+过去分词+从句”形式的被动结构 Its said that they have discovered a new star. (3)“get+done”构成的被动结构 get married结婚;get hurt 受伤;get lost 迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped 被困,-47-,.单句语法填空 1.It was raining lightly when I arrived(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. 2.I was on my way home after shopping and saw
45、 a small dog running across the very busy street I was traveling(travel) on. 3.At present more and more people are buying(buy) clothes online to save time and money. 4.Every one except Tom and John was(be) there when the meeting began. 5.Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is (be) often
46、 acceptable. 6.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching(teach) a class at that time.,-48-,7.Just an hour ago he told me on the phone that he would come(come) home right after his work. 8.Tomb Sweeping Day is a time to remember the dead.It is a major Chines
47、e festival which falls(fall) in early spring. 9.Usually Beijing Roast Duck is served(serve) together with special pancakes,green onions and sweet sauce. 10.Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I had left(leave) my keys in the library.,-49-,.单句改错 1.By the time Jack returned home from England,h
48、is son graduated from college. 在graduated前加had 2.If you want to know what was happened that day,please ask the police. 去掉was,3.When we arrived there,it had snowed heavily the day before and there was terrible storms. waswere,-50-,4.A friend of mine was returned to his house after a holiday only to f
49、ind it had been broken into. 去掉was 5.As I grew older and could read by myself,my father often takes me to bookstores and left me there reading. takestook,-51-,.语法填空 When he was a little boy,Christopher Cookerell once watched his mother turn the wheel of her sewing machine with her hand. “Wouldnt it
50、work quickly if a machine 1.turned (turn)the wheel for you?” he asked.“I suppose it would,” said his mother,2.without paying him any attention. Christopher knew she always 3.had (have)a lot of work,and he wanted to help her.Up in his bedroom there was a toy steam-engine which his father 4.had bought (buy)him as a gift.“I will make better use of it,” little Christopher said to himself.So,when his mother 5.wasnt using (not use)her sewing machine,he fixed the toy steam-engine onto it.When the job 6.was finished (finish),he was quite pleased,thinking his mother 7.would like (like)it.,
