1、Unit1 Cultural relics-语法篇 通过本节课的学习掌握限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法与区别。 一一 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 什么是限制性定语从句？ Anyone should be punished. Anyone who breaks the rules should be punished. 也就是说，如果一个句子去掉定语从句后，主句的意思不是所要表明的意思，那么这个定语从句就 是限制性定语从句。 什么是非限制性定语从句？ 就是不用限制先行词的定语从句。译成汉语时，主句和从句
2、可以分别翻译，互不影响。最大的特点 就是先行词后面有逗号隔开。 She is good at speaking French, which she lea rned at school. This book was written by Jack, who was here a moment ago. I have some friends, some of whom are teachers. 限制性定语从句的连接词可以用 who, whom 或 whose, which。不用 that，也不能省略。 She had eight children, three of whom became
3、soldiers. Their teacher is a Japanese, whose wife is a Chinese. My sister, who is a nurse, got married last month. China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 非限制性定语从句还可以用 when 或 where 引导。 She is going to Shanghai, where she was born. We will go hom e next week, when we wont be so
4、 busy.a 除了前面提到的那些连接词以外，在下面两种情况下还可以用 as 作为定语从句的连接词。 1. 当先行词在从句中做主语或者宾语的时候，同时先行词又被 same、so 或者 such 修饰的时候。 非限制性定语从句除了可以修饰词以外, 还可以修饰前面整个句子。 They invited me to their party, which is very kind of them. I was late for school again, which made my teacher very angry . A student killed his English teacher, wh
5、ich frightened me very much. Such people as you said are not good. Lets discuss only such questions as are interesting to all of us. I have the same trouble as you have. I feel just the same as you do. He is so good a teacher as I like very much. Those are so difficult the questions as he asked. 2.
6、在非限定性定语从句中， as 和 which 可代整个主句， 相当于 and this 或 and that。 as 一般放在句首， which 在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. Smoking is harmful to ones health, which is known to all. 二二限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别： 所谓限制性定语从句， 是指定语从句部分对先行词起限制、 修饰的作用， 关系代词有 that, which, whom, who, whose 以及关
7、系副词 when, where, why 等，没有逗号把从句与先行词分开。限制性定语 从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。 Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? 你认识那个正在会上讲话的教授吗？ Where is the book which I bought this morning? 我今天上午买的书在哪儿呢？ 此外，还有一类非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影 响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用 that 引导
8、。 This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet. 这些信来自他的父母，他们在西藏工作。 English is an important subject, which every student should study well. 英语是一门重要的科目，每个学生都应该学好。 This is our headmaster, who I think has something to tell you. 这是我们校长，我认为他有一些重要的事 情要告诉你。(校长只有一位) 限定性：对先行词起修饰限制作用 非限定性：对先行词起补充说
9、明作用，先行词与定语从句有逗号隔开. 1. 从形式上看 限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连之间不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词之间必须 用逗号隔开。 Mr. Smith，who came to see me yesterday，is one of my best friends. 昨天来看我的史密斯先生是我的一位好朋友。(非限制性定语从句) This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years. 这就是那位有 30 年教龄的老师，你想见的那个人。(限制性定语从句) 2.从意义上讲 限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词，具有限制作用，两者关系紧凑，如果将其去
10、掉，会影响句子 意思的完整性往往句意不明，有时甚至于引起费解、误解；而非限制性定语从句仅仅对先行词作补 充性叙述或说明，不起限制作用两者关系不那么紧密，可以省略，省略后主句的意思仍然完整； Her sister who teaches us English will go abroad next year. 她教我们英语的姐姐明年将出国。(限制性定语从句，意思是她可能还有别的姐姐。) Her sister, who teaches us English, will go abroad next year. 她的姐姐教我们英语，明年将出国。(非限制性定语从句，对先行词 her sister 起到
11、补充说明的作用， 言外之意：她只有一个姐姐。) The old man has a son, who is in the army. 那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。 （非限定性定语从句是对 son 进行补充、说明。 “这位老人 只有一个儿子” ） The old man has a son who is in the army. “那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。 ”限定性定语从句就要对先行词 son 进行限定、修饰。 （ “这位 老人有一个儿子在部队工作” ，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。 3. 从翻译方法来看 一般来说，限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行
12、词，非限制性定语从句 则往往译成后置的并列从句。 This is the house which we bought last year. 这是我们去年买的那幢房子。 （限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) The teachers who are kind are popular with the students. 态度和蔼的老师们受学生的欢迎。 （限制性） Mr. Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students. 王老
13、师深受学生的欢迎，他态度和蔼。(非限制性) This notebook was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago. 这个笔记本是汤姆留下的，刚才他还在这里。 4. 先行词不同 限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词； 非限制性定语从句的关系代词 which 既可以 指代前面 的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。指代前面整句的含义时，定语从句谓语动词要用 第三人称单数。 This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我看过的最好的小说。(先行词是 novel) The novel, which I
14、read last night, is very interesting. 这是我昨天晚上看过的小说，非常有意思。(先行词为 novel) The novel is very interesting, which makes me very glad. 这部小说很有意思，这让我很高兴。(先行词为“The novel is very interesting”) She heard the terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (which 指代 noise) He seems not to have grasped wha
15、t I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。 (Which 指代句子“他似乎没领会我的意思” 。) 注意：注意：当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物或人名、地名、国名、建筑物等专有名词时时，用非 限制性定语从句； The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, goes around the earth. 月球绕着地球转，它离地球 384,000 千米远 Yesterday he left America, where he had stayed for two yea
16、rs. 昨天他离开了美国，在那儿他待了两年。 5. 从关系词的使用来看: that, why 不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中，that 改用 which；why 改用 for which。 在限制性定语从句中，用关系代词指物 which, that；指人 who, whom, that; whose 既可用来指人也可 用来指物。 We dont know the number of people who lost their homes in the 1906 earthquake. 我们不知道在 1906 年地震中失去家园的人们的数量。 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词指人
17、时用 who, whom；指物时用 which; whose 既可用来指人也可 用来指物。 John Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.约翰史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老师。 My elder sister has become a doctor， which I wanted to be.我姐姐成了一名医生， 我原来也想当医生的。 That is his room，whose window faces south.那是他的房间，房间的窗户朝南。 总结总结 1：引导限制性定语从句的关系副词有 when, where, why
18、；引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有 when, where。当先行词指时间并且在定语从句中充当状语时用 when；指地点并且在定语从句中充当 状语时用 where。 He will have to wait until next month, when everything has been ready. 他不得不等到下个月，那时一切都准备好了。 Can you tell me the reason why he was absent yesterday?你能告诉我他昨天缺席的原因吗？ He was hurt in the accident yesterday, for which he st
19、ayed in the hospital for several hours. 他昨天在事故中受伤，为此他在医院中待了好几个小时。 Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977. 卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977 年他被安葬在那里 总结总结 2：在限制性定语从句中：whom 作宾语时可用 who 替代；在非限制性定语从句：whom 作宾语 时不能用 who 代替。 This is the boy whom/who I met at the theatre. 这是我在剧
20、院遇到的那个男孩。 The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to marry.这个年轻人有一个女朋友，他想娶她。 总结总结 3：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时可省略（介词后不可） ；在非限制性定语从句中， 所有关系词不可省略. I passed him a large glas s of whisky, which he drank immediately. 我递给他一大杯威士忌，他立即喝下了。 （which 在从句中作宾语，不能省略） He wrote a letter to me, telling me everythin
21、g (that) he saw on the way to the Paris. 他给我写了一封信，告诉我去巴黎的途中看到的每一件事。 （that 在从句中作宾语，可以省略。 ） as 与与 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：引导非限制性定语从句的区别： 1.as 可引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句，有“正如，就像”之意。as 引导的定语从句可放 在主句之前，之中或之后，位置灵活。 “我们都知道，吸烟有害健康”这句话可译成： As we know, smoking is harmful to our health. Smoking, as we know, is harmful to
22、 our health. Smoking is harmful to our health, as is known to us all. 2.非限制性定语从句中 as 和 which 的选择：都可以指代整个句子的内容，非限定语从句位于句末且 as 或 which 作主语、宾语或表语时，常可互换。 He married her, as /which was natural. 他娶了她，这是很自然的事。 He is a kind fisherman, as /which anybody can see. 他是一个善良的渔民，这大家都清楚。 The sun heats the earth, whi
23、ch makes it possible for plants to grow. 太阳给予大地热量，这就使植物的生长成为可能。(指代逗号之前的整个句子) 如非限定语从句位于主句之前，只能用 as。 As we expected, he passed the exam. 正如我们预料的，他通过了考试。 3.as 引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而 which 引导的不受此限制。 Change-1 has been launched successfully, as was expected.嫦娥一号成功发射，这正是我们期待的。 The result of the experiment was
24、very good, which we hadnt expected.实验结果非常好， 这点出乎我们预 料。 as 常用在一些固定结构中： as we know/ as is known to all/ as we all can see 众所周知 as is often the case 情况常常是这样 as might be imagined 可以想象得到 as might be expected 正如所预料的那样 as has been pointed out 正如所指出的那样 as has been said before/above 正如前文所述 as often happens 像
25、往常一样 当与 such 或 the same 连用时，一般用 as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. 你给我说的这些书很有趣。 I have the same plan as you. 我有和你一样的计划。 4.当 which 在从句中指代的是先行词本身（一个先行词）而不是主句时，不可用 as 代替 which。 The house, which they built 2 years ago, fell down in the earthquake. 这所房子他们建于两年前，在地真正倒塌了。 My friend showed me rou
26、nd the town，which was very kind of him.来源:Z|xx|k.Com 我的朋友真不错，他带我绕城转了一圈。 注意： 在 anyone, those, he/she/I / they 作先行词时，用“who” 代替 “that”。 任何犯法的人都要受到惩罚。 Anyone who breaks the law is punished. Those who break the law are punished. He who breaks the law is punished. time 作“次数”讲时用关系代词 that 引导定语从句，that 可省略；若
27、that 作“一段时间”讲时，应用关 系副词 when 或介词 at/during which 引导定语从句。 This is the second time that/（省略）the President has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问这个国家。 That was at a time when/ during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 那是一个没有收音机，没有电话，也没有电视的时期。 定语从句解题思路：定语从句解题思路： 1. 通读全句，首先判断是什么句型。 2. 题干
28、句如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式。 3. 分析从句的句子结构，在定语从句中，缺什么，就补什么：缺主或宾语，用关系代词；缺状语， 用关系副词。 4. 注意标点符号和题干中是否存在并列连词 and, but 等。 例 1. (2015 高三海淀区一模) Prince William took a visit to the Forbidden City on Feb. 28, _ emperors once lived. A. which B. whose C. where D. when 解析 ：本题考查非限制性定语从句中引导词的。经分析可知横线后的句子是对 Forbidden City 进行
29、 修饰限定，可知横线处是一非限制性定语从句。定语从句中缺少地点状语，先行词在句中充当地点 状语。所以要用 where 来引导。 答案：C 例 2. (2015 高三西城一模) Jack will hold a meeting _people can voice their opinion on todays global economy. A. which B. when C. where D. whose 解析：横线前的句子成分完成，横线后句子是对 meeting 进行修饰限定，所以可知横线后句子是个 定语从句，先行词在横线后句子中充当地点状语的成分，所以要用地点副词 where 引导。 答
30、案为 C 例 3. (2015 海淀区高一上学期期末) Three scientists _discovered how the brain knows the body location won the Nobel Prize. A. whose B. which C. whom D. who 解析： 经分析可知横线后句子是对 “Three scientists”进行的修饰限定， 且先行词在句子中充当主语成 分，先行词为“人”所以要用引导词 who 来引导。由此可知本题答案。 答案：D 例 4. (2015 东城区高一上学期期末) David is a friend _you can tru
31、st all your life. A. who B. which C. whose D. when 解析： 经分析可知横线后句子是对 “a friend ”进行的修饰限定， 且先行词在句子中充当 trust 的宾语， 先行词为“人”所以要用引导词 who 来引导。由此可知本题答案。 答案：A 例 5. (2014 海淀区高一下期中试卷) The App WeChat provides a networking platform _ communication is faster and easier. A. which B. where C. when D. why 解析：经分析可知横线后句
32、子是对 “a networking platform ”进行的修饰限定， 且先行词在句子中充当 地点状语，所以要用引导词 where 来引导。由此可知本题答案。 答案：B 基础演练基础演练 一将下列两个简单句合并成一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。 1. I am reading Harry Porter. It is an interesting book. _ 2. He failed in the exam. It made his parents very angry. _ 3. He has two sons. Both of them are doctors. _ 4. Recen
33、tly I bought an ancient Chinese vase. The price of it was very reasonable. _ _ 5. Last week, two persons came to see the house. Neither of them wanted to buy it. _ 6. I have lost the pen. My father bought it for my sixteenth birthday. _ 7. Do you see the house? The windows of it face south. _ 8. He
34、must be from Africa. It can be seen from his skin. _ 9. The book is worth reading. He paid 6 yuan for it. _ 10. She is a teacher of much knowledge. Much can be learned from her. _ Keys: 1. I am reading Harry Porter, which is an interesting book. 2. He failed in the exam, which made his parents angry
35、. 3. He has two sons, both of whom are teachers. 4. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of which was very reasonable. 5. Last week, two persons came to see the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it. 6. I have lost the pen, which my father bought for my sixteenth birthday. 7. Do yo
36、u see the house, the windows of which face south? 8. He must be from Africa, which can be seen from his skin. 9. The book, for which he paid 6 yuan, is worth reading. 10. She is a teacher of much knowledge, from whom much can be learned. 巩巩固提高固提高 二单项选择。 1. Attention! Our bus is approaching Cambridge
37、，_well be stopping to eat. A. when B. which C. as D. where 2. People who seldom do sports or _diet is high in fat will put off Weight quickly. A. who B. whose C. which D. what 3. The novel was completed in 1978, the economic system has seen great changes A. when B. during which C. since then D. sinc
38、e when 4. Could it be in the restaurant in _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you left behind your keys and wallet? A. which; which B. which; that C. that; where D. where; where 5. Part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，_ effects the people are still suffering from. A. that B. whose C. those
39、D. what 6. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things，_ is often the case in other countries. A. what B. as C. so D. that 7. Soon children in the camp h ad many new friends, _ they shared food, stories and projects. A. for which B. with whom C. of which D.
40、 to whom 8. The Great Wall is the place _ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to Beijing. A. why B. which C. when D. where 9. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _his argument. A. which to be based on B. on which to base C. which to be based D. which to base 10. About
41、 1.62 million Chinese students went abroad to study between 1978 and 2009, _ only 497,400 have come back. A. who B. among whom C. among which D. in whom Keys: 1. D 本句中的先行词是 Cambridge，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应该用关系副词 where。 2. B 语意：很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的人体重会增加很快。whose diet is high in fat 是定语 从句，修饰先行词 People，且 whose 在从
42、句中作定语。 3. D 由句子题干中主句谓语的动词时态为现在完成时可知关系词代替先行词，1978 在定语从句中 与 Since 连用，作状语。 4. B 考查复合句。restaurant 后面是定语从句，介词 in 后面应该使用 which 引导定语从句，不能使 用 that；从句子意义和结构上可以判断第二空属于强调结构，选用 that。 5. B effects 与先行词 floods 之间是所属关系，所以用 whose 引导定语从句。 6. B as 引导非限制性定语从句，代替前面一句话，句意为：这在其他国家是常有的事。 7. B 考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。分析句子成分可知此处先
43、行词为 friends，从句中有 短语 share sth. with sb.，故此处用 “withwhom” 引导非限制性定语从句。 8. B 分析句子结构可知，“_ almost all tourist s would like to visit” 为定语从句，修饰先行词 the place，关系代词在从句中 充当 visit 的宾语，因此选 B。 9. B 短语 baseon使用时要分清各自的宾语，本句中 base 的宾语是 his argument，on 的宾语是 sufficient grounds，所以选择 on which to base. 10. B 考查定语从句。句意：在 1
44、978 年到 2009 年期间，大约有 162 万中国学生出国学习，期中回 国的只有 497400 人。后面部分为非限制定语从句，修饰先行词 students，由句意可知应该选用介词 among。 一单项选择。 ( )1. I prefer a company _ people have to work as a team, instead of fighting against each other. A. where B. that C. as D. when ( )2. Is this the house_ you often talk about? Yes, just the one
45、_ you know I used to live for more than 15 years. A. that; where B. which; that C. where; which D. where; that ( )3. As a result of our serious staff shortages, the situation has risen _ we have to hire graduating college students for help. A. that B. when C. where D. as ( )4. Do you have enough mon
46、ey _ to buy that fashionable dress? B. which uses C. w ( )5. I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin. A. as B. which C. when D. though ( )6. Qingdao is the most satisfactory place _ were going to visit. A. which B. where C. that D.
47、 in which ( )7. Could it be in the restaurant in _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you left behind your keys and wallet? A. which；which B. which；that C. that；where D. where；where ( )8. The old lady, all of _ children had been killed in the earthquake, was given help by the local government. A. he
48、r B. whom C. whose D. which ( )9. Let me think of a proper situation _ this sentence can be used. A. where B. that C. of whom D. which ( )10. There are three libraries in our school, _ were built five years ago. A. al l of them B. either of them C. all of which D. both of that ( )11. Theyve won thei
49、r last three matches，_I find a bit surprising actually. A. that B. when C. what D. which ( )12. Chinas new food law provides for a food recall system _ producers have to stop production if their food isnt up to standards. A. where B. that C. when D. which Keys: 1. A where 是关系副词，在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词 compa
50、ny，并且在从句中作状语。 2. A 考查定语从句。 第一空后面 about 缺少宾语, 故用 that 或 which 引导定语从句； 第二空不缺成分, you know 为插入语, 故用 where 引导定语从句修饰 the one。 3. C 把从句补充完整为：we have to hire graduating college students for help in the situation. 关系词在 从句中作状语，选择关系副词 where。 4. C 本题属于“介词+关系代词 which+不定式”作后置定语的用法,用钱买,当然用 with,故 C。相当于 一个定语从句,Do y
