1、 2020 年高考英语真题和模拟题分项汇编 专题 07 阅读理解说明、议论文 一、2020 年高考真题 说明文 1. 【2020全国卷 I，C】 Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and fiel
2、d event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. Its this strange form
3、 that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six
4、miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norber
5、g says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step. As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as
6、 runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a co
7、ach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice. 1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes? A. They must run long distances. B. They are qualified for the marathon. C. They have to follow special rules. D. They are good at swinging their legs. 2. What advantag
8、e does race walking have over running? A. Its more popular at the Olympics. B. Its less challenging physically. C. Its more effective in body building. D. Its less likely to cause knee injuries. 3. What is Dr. Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking? A. Getting experts opinions. B. Havin
9、g a medical checkup. C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises. 4. Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking? A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative. 【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想 从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。 1. C 【解析】细节理解题。 根据第二段 “But t
10、he sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规 则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动 员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选 C项。 2. D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段As a result, she says, some of t
11、he injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers.可知， 一些与跑步有关的损伤， 比如跑步者的膝盖， 在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选 D 项。 3. A【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段 Dr. Norberg 说的话In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer
12、 to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人 都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)可知，Dr. Norberg 建议想尝试竞走 的人征询专家的建议。故选 A 项。 4. B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.可知，研究表明，
13、竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作 者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选 B 项。 2. 【2020全国卷 I，D】 The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown， Ohio， for example, discovered that greener areas
14、of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get t
15、hem to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we u
16、se every day,explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandt
17、h of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatm
18、ent that would last the plants lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off switchwhere the glow would fade when exposed to daylight. Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as
19、the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. 1. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
20、 C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants. 2. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer? A. To detect plants lack of water B. To change compositions of plants C. To make the life of plants longer. D. To test chemicals in plants. 3. What ca
21、n we expect of the glowing plants in the future? A. They will speed up energy production. B. They may transmit electricity to the home. C. They might help reduce energy consumption. D. They could take the place of power plants. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Can we
22、grow more glowing plants? B. How do we live with glowing plants? C. Could glowing plants replace lamps? D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free? 【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程 师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发 光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。 1. D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中 A study conduc
23、ted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如， 在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一 项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰 时，他们的工作效率会提高 15%。由此
24、可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选 D。 2. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中 These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子 上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由 此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选
25、A。 3. C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中 Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可 能有助于减少能源消耗。故选 C。 4. C【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中 Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the p
26、ower source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的 7%。由于照明通常远离电源， 例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距 离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了
27、绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师 开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来 发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C 选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？” 最符合文章标题。故选 C。 3. 【2020全国卷 II，B】 Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills. Psy
28、chologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differen
29、ces in parents income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said. The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 m
30、onths of age. The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes, Levine said in a statement. The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in
31、 the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided
32、more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls. The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science. 1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play? A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills. C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining h
33、igh-tech knowledge. 2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？ A. Parents age. B. Childrens imagination. C. Parents education. D. Child-parent relationship. 3. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play? A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less
34、during the game. C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study. C. A woman psychologist D. A teaching program. 【文章大意】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和 结果。 1. B 【解析】
35、细节理解题。 根据第二段中found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial skill(在 2 岁到 4 岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展 更好的空间技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选 B 项。 2. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中 Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after co
36、ntrolling for difference in parents income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine 说，在 父母的收入、 教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后， 拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知 Levine 在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents education.(父母的教育)符合 以上说法，故选 C 项。 3. D【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中 However, boys tended to play with more
37、 complex puzzles than girls, 可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题， 即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。 D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选 D项。 4. B【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。 所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选 B 项。 4. 【2020全国卷 II，C】 When you were trying to figure out wh
38、at to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didnt cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠). Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothe
39、s in different styles. It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur. Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fu
40、r ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month. Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. The ecosystem down there cant handle this non-native species(物种).Its destroying the environment. Its them or us. says Michael Massimi, an expert in th
41、is field. The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says its not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but h
42、e has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Moutons job these days is trying to promote fur. Then theres Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says，To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint
43、 on them-1 think thats going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York. Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it
44、 is eco-friendly. 28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn? A. To promote guilt-free fur. B. To expand the fashion market. C. To introduce a new brand. D. To celebrate a winter holiday. 29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria? A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seri
45、ously. B. Nutria are an endangered species. C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals. D. Nutria are illegally hunted. 30. What does the underlined word collapsed in paragraph 5 probably mean? A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed. 31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New Yo
46、rk according to Morgan? A. Its formal. B. Its risky. C. Its harmful. D. Its traditional. 【答案】【答案】 28. A 29. A 30. D 31. B 【解析】【解析】 【分析】 本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海狸鼠 们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示 了担忧。 28. 推理判断题。根据第二段 Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn
47、 have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.得知，美国新奥尔良和 布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监 Cree
48、 McCree 说： “除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情” ，可以判断出由于海狸 鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选 A。 29. 推理判断题。根据第三段 Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.得知， 科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们 5美元，可以推断出科学家们担忧海狸 鼠们严重破坏生态平衡， 。故选 A。 30. 词义猜测题。根据第五段 The fur trade
49、kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是 当海狸鼠市场在 20 世纪 80 年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据 but判断，这是转折关系，以 前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮 毛导致的，可以推断出划线词 collapsed 是和 D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选 D。 31. 推理判断题。根据第二段 Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt free
