1、GrammarNegative words and negative statements 感知以下句子，并完成方框下的小题 1I am afraid you have not appreciated the urgency of the matter. 2In the short term，the medicine may not be very effective. 3The job does not require any formal training. 4This kind of fast food is not fit for my appetite. 5No horse has
2、a speed comparable to that of his. 6I seldom go home after five oclock in the afternoon. (1)以上例句中黑体部分构成句子的否定形式。 (2)句 1、3 中黑体部分的构成特点是由助动词加 not 构成否定。 (3)句 2 中黑体部分的构成特点是由情态动词加 not 构成否定。 (4)句 4 中黑体部分的构成特点是由系动词加 not 构成否定。 (5)句 5 中的 no 和句 6 中的 seldom 本身表示否定意义。 一、英语中的否定结构形式多样，有部分否定、全部否定、双重否定和几乎否定等。 1部分否定 a
3、ll，both，every，everybody，every day，everyone，many，always，often 等与 not 搭配使用 时，表示部分否定，意思是“并非都，不是每个都”等。如： Both of them are not my brothers. 他们两个不全是我的兄弟。 This kind of tree is not found everywhere. 这种树并非哪里都能找到。 All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。 I dont agree with all of you. 我同意你们当中一些人的看法。 注意：all，bo
4、th，everybody 等用在表语和谓语为 unhappy，fail 等否定意义词的句子中，或 用在有否定前缀的词作表语的句子中，是全部否定，不是部分否定。如： All of them were unhappy.No one was happy. 他们都不幸福。 2全部否定 英语中表示全部否定时常用 not，no，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere，neither，never 等。 如： None of my friends smoke. 我的朋友都不抽烟。 注意：正确区分部分否定和全部否定对理解句子是很重要的。比较： I dont know any of them. 我
5、全不认识他们。(全部否定) I dont know all of them. 我并非都认识他们。(部分否定) 3双重否定 双重否定是指同一个句子里出现两个否定词。双重否定句表示的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定 句的语气更重。译成汉语时可以译成肯定形式，也可译成双重否定形式。表示双重否定的词 和结构有：no(not)without，without exception，not unlike 等。如： At the beginning of learning English you can not speak it without making mistakes. 开始学英语时不可能不犯错误。 All s
6、tudents without exception must take the English examination. 所有学生都必须参加英语考试，无一例外。 4几乎否定 几乎否定(又称半否定)表示整个句子的意思接近于否定。 常用的词有： little， few， barely， hardly， rarely，scarcely，seldom 等。如： This problem has been little studied. 这个问题几乎没有被研究过。 He would hardly recognize his hometown if he saw it now. 如果他现在看到他的家乡，他
7、将很难认出来了。 5形式肯定，意义否定 从形式上看没有否定词，但却表达的是否定的意思。这类表达最常用的是 too.to.，意思是 “太而不能”。如： The book is too difficult for beginners to read. 这本书太难了，初学者读不了。 注意：too.to.结构也可以表示肯定的意义。too 之前如果有 but，all，only 等词，即构成 but too，only too，all too 等形式，其意思相当于 very，quite，extremely，与其连用的不定式表示 肯定意义。如： He is only too pleased to help h
8、er. 他非常高兴帮助她。 二、引起否定的四种特殊情况 1名词引起的否定 名词如：neglect，failure，absence，shortage，reluctance，loss，lack 等可表示否定含义。如： A few new instruments are in a state of neglect. 一些新仪器处于无人管理的状态。 2动词或动词短语引起的否定 常见的能引起否定的动词或动词短语有：miss，deny，lack，refuse，escape，resist，reject， decline，doubt，fail，give up，protect/keep/prevent.from
9、 等。如： I rather doubt if her words are true. 我一点也不确定她的话是不是真的。 We prevented the fire from spreading. 我们阻止了火势的蔓延。 3形容词短语引起的否定 常见的能引起否定的形容词短语有：far from，free from，short of，impatient of，absent from， ignorant of/about，different from 等。如： His explanation is far from satisfactory. 他的解释远不能让人满意。 4介词或介词短语引起的否定
10、常见的能引起否定的介词或介词短语有：without，beyond，instead of，in vain，but for，out of the question 等。如： Her beauty is beyond compare. 她的美丽是无与伦比的。 Please lend me that dictionary instead of this one. 请借给我那本字典而不是这本。 三、几种常见的否定结构的比较 1no名词与 not a(an，any)名词 no 用来否定名词；not 用来否定动词、副词或形容词。no 否定名词时往往带有感情色彩，用 在表示职业或人物的名词前常带有贬义，意思是
11、“无资格，外行，不会”等。比较： He is no doctor at all.他对医道一窍不通。 He is not a doctor.他不是从医的。 2no more.than 与 not more.than no more.than 含有消极、否定的意思。译为“都不，不，也不”。而 not more.than 含有积 极、肯定的含义，表示程度上的差异。比较： He is no more diligent than you. 你不勤奋，他也不勤奋。(两个人都不勤奋) He is not more diligent than you. 他没有像你那样勤奋。(两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋) 注意：(
12、1)A is no more.than B 句型对作比较的双方即 than 前后两部分在意义上都给予否定， 应该特别注意的是，后面的从句在形式上是肯定的，但在意义上却是否定的，所以要翻译为 “A 与 B 都不”。 (2)A is not more.than B 表示作比较的双方都是好的，都给予肯定，翻译为“A 比不上 B，A 不像 B”。 3no better than 与 not better than no better thanas bad as 意思是“和一样不好”；not better than 意思为“并不比好， 还不如”。比较： This machine is no better
13、 than that one. 这台机器和那台机器一样不好。(都不好) This machine is not better than that one. 这台机器并不比那台机器好。(前者不如后者) 4no less than 与 not less than no less thanas much as 意思是“竟有之多，多达”，强调“多”；而 not less than 意思是“不少于，至少”，是客观的叙述。比较： There were no less than five thousand people at the meeting.到会的人竟多达 5 000。(强调人多) There we
14、re not less than five thousand people at the meeting.到会的人不少于 5 000。 (不强调人多 或人少) .用否定词或否定结构填空 1Hes been informed that he doesnt qualify for the scholarship because of his academic background.(2017 江苏) 2 In the 1950s in the USA， most families had just one phone at home， and wireless phones hadnt been
15、invented yet.(2017 北京) 3I love the weekend，because I neednt get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.(2016 北京) 4It was really annoying；I couldnt get access to the data bank you had recommended. (2016 天津) 5The meeting will be held in September，but nobody knows the date for sure.(2015 重庆) 6The research g
16、roup produced two reports based on the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions.(2015 福建) 7Niki is always full of ideas，but none is useful to my knowledge.(2015 四川) 8Shed lived in London and Manchester，but she liked neither and moved to Cambridge. (2014 四川) .单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误) 1 My uncles
17、immediately jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.Neither None of the arrows hit the target.(2014 陕西，短文改错) 2We，as well as animals，cannot live without water and neither agriculture or nor industry can go without it.(2012 大纲全国，短文改错) 3I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and litt
18、le less aggressive. (2012 新课标全国，短文改错) 4Unfortunately，by the time I got back，they had finished the scene and the actor couldnt be seen everywhere anywhere .(2011 陕西，短文改错) 5 Although her English is a little hardly hard to understand， we enjoy chatting and we usually talk a lot about our own families.(
19、2011 重庆，短文改错) .选词填空 1He did not compromise easily，but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy cause.(not/no) 2A smile costs nothing，but gives much.(nothing/something) 3 My brother would like to buy a good watch but none was available from that shop.(nothing/none) 4Would you like t
20、ea or coffee? Neither，thank you.Ive just had some water.(Neither/Either) 5Its an either- or situationwe can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we cant do both.(either/both) 6Dont try to operate this machine unless you know the rules for safety.(unless/if) 7He slipped out before the
21、meeting started.(before/unless) 8What do you think of my work? Im afraid its far from satisfactory.(far from/apart from) 9Mothers are doing what they can to make sure that their children are free from any kind of harm.(free from/far from) 10 The parents didnt tolerate their kids rudeness at the part
22、y， nor did they allow themselves to be disobeyed.(nor/so) .完成句子 11Then she hardly had strength to open the carriage door. 那时她几乎没有力气打开车厢的门。 12None of my friends has been to that place. 我的朋友们都没有去过那个地方。 13Not everyone was for his plan at the meeting. 在会上并不是每个人都赞同他的计划。 14I cant help admiring the picture whenever I look at it. 不管我什么时候看到这幅画，我都禁不住要赞赏它。 15Hes too weak to lift the big box. 他身体太弱，搬不动那个大箱子。
