1、Unit5 Music-语法篇 通过本节课的学习掌握由“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句的用法。 定语从句（由“介词定语从句（由“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句”引导的定语从句） 一一关系代词的选择关系代词的选择 当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语时，我们可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。 如果先行词为人时，用“介词+whom” ；如果先行词为物时，用“介词+which” 。Who 与 that 不能用 此结构，但介词后置时可以使用，如果作宾语也可以省略。 The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.我脚下的梯
2、子开始向下滑动。 The reason for which he didnt come to school was that his mother was ill. 他没来上学的原因是他的妈妈病了。 二二介词的选择介词的选择 介词的选择主要从以下几方面考虑： 1. 从先行词跟介词的搭配出发从先行词跟介词的搭配出发 Ill never forget the day on which we worked together in the countryside. 我不会忘记我们一起在乡下工作的日子。 (把 the day 代入从句后，加 on 才构成完整的句子，即 we worked togethe
3、r on the day in the countryside) The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which we could see what was happening inside the house. 这个聪明的孩子在墙上挖了一个洞， 透过它我们可以看到屋里发生的事情。 (through which 即 through the hole) 2. 从定语从句中动词、形容词等对介词的搭配要求出发从定语从句中动词、形容词等对介词的搭配要求出发 Do you know the girl _ whom the man talked
4、just now? 你认识那个男人刚谈到的女孩吗？(talk 后用 to, with 还是 about，则根据先行词、定语从句中的动词 talk 考虑，此处用 with 或 to 比较好） 3. 含有介词的动词短语不能拆开， 则不能转化成含有介词的动词短语不能拆开， 则不能转化成“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”结构， 介词仍然放在动词的后面。结构， 介词仍然放在动词的后面。 常见的这类动词有 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of, look into, break into, get rid of, take
5、part in, make use of, take/catch hold of, catch up with, get along with, look forward to The babies whom the nurses are taking care of are very healthy.护士照顾的那些婴儿们都很健康。 4. 也有些介词不是和谓语动词构成短语关系，而是根据句子的逻辑需要填入的。也有些介词不是和谓语动词构成短语关系，而是根据句子的逻辑需要填入的。 For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our
6、 future, of which New York is an example. 对 世界上的许多城市来说，没有足够的空间拓展未来，纽约就是其中的一个例子。 Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, without which there wont be much work. 这儿的村民们依赖捕鱼行业，没有这个行业他们就没有什么活干。 三三 “介词“介词+关系代词”与关系副词的转换关系代词”与关系副词的转换 在定语从句中若先行词为时间名词，地点名词或 reason,“介词+关系代词（which） ”可用相关的 关系副词 when, wher
7、e, why 等替换。 The reason for which(=why)he was late isnt clear. Beijing is the city in which(=where)he lived for many years. 四 “介词四 “介词+关系代词”的特殊用法关系代词”的特殊用法 “the+名词+关系代词” 引导定语从句时， 有时可用 “whose+名词” 或 “of+关系代词+the+名词” 替换。 I lived in the room, the window of which (=of which the window =whose window)face s
8、outh.我住的房间 窗户朝南。 关于定语从句的注意点：关于定语从句的注意点： 1. “介词介词+关系代词关系代词”后接不定式短语作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。后接不定式短语作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。 He has a knife with which to defend himself. = He has a knife with which he can defend himself.他有一把刀子，用来自卫。 2. 当先行词在从句中表示当先行词在从句中表示 时间、地点、原因时，时间、地点、原因时，“介词介词+which”一般在定语从句中分别作时间、地一般在定语从句中分别作时间、地
9、点、原因状语，这时可以分别用点、原因状语，这时可以分别用 when, where, why 代替。代替。 （when 相当于“at/in/during/on 等+which”； where 相当于“in/at/on 等+which”；why 相当于“for which”） 。但若“介词+which”不是作时间、地点、 原因状语时，则不能用 when, where, why 代替。 Last week, I visited London, in which/where I have made several friends. 上周我们去了伦敦，在那儿我们交了一些朋友。 Last year she
10、 bought this house, for which she paid her lifes savings. 去年她买了这所房子，为此她付出了一生的积蓄。 3. 有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用 where/介词介词+which 引导定语从句。常见引导定语从句。常见 的有：的有：situation/ case/ point/ circumstances/ stage/ family 等。等。 I have come to the point where I cant stand him. 我已经到了不能忍受他的程度了。 He
11、s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他把自己置于一个危险的境地，很容易失去对飞机的控制。 4. 先行词先行词 way 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 当先行词是 way，意为“方法，方式”时，引导定语从句的关系词有 in which, that 和不用任何关系词 这三种形式。 I dont understand the way in which/that/（省略）they worked out the problem. 我没法理解他们解决这个问题的方
12、法。 试比较以下两个句子关系词的不同：试比较以下两个句子关系词的不同： The way that/which he explained to us was not difficult to understand. 他们给我们解释的这种方法不难理解。( 关系代词 that/which 在从句中作宾语） The way that/in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他们给我们解释这个句子的方法不难理解。(关系词在从句中作状语，相当于 in this/that way） 特殊定语从句特殊定
13、语从句： 1. 有些定语从句和先行词之间插入一个词组、短语或别的成分，这称为有些定语从句和先行词之间插入一个词组、短语或别的成分，这称为“分裂式定分裂式定语从句语从句”。 I have an aunt in London, who I have never seen. 我有一个姑姑在伦敦，我没有见过。 Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with the kids. 我有时间陪孩子们的情况很少。 2. 带有插入语的定语从句。带有插入语的定语从句。 This is my uncle, Mr. Wang, who
14、, I guess, will help you finish the job in three hours. 这是我的叔叔王先生，我认为他会帮你在三个小时内做完这个工作。 He often helps the students who he thinks are not quick at their studies. 他经常帮助他认为在学习上反应不太快的学生。 Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, which, of course, make all the others upset. 玛丽对杰克比对其他人善良得多，
15、这当然使其他人不快。 例 1.(2014 安徽亳州月考) -What do you think of the reason _he gave at the meeting yesterday? A. why B. for which C. that D. in which 解析：定语从句考查题。先行词 the reason 关系词 that 在从句中作宾语，你怎样看他昨天在会上给 出的理由？由此可知本题答案。 答案：A 例 2. (2014 甘肃庆阳期末) With the rapid development of recent years, the people, _I once worke
16、d, lived a happy life now. A. who B. in whose C. whose D. in which 解析：考查定语从句。先行词 people 和定语从句中的名词 village 之间是所属关系，构成“whose+ 名词”引导的定语从句，相当于 of whom the village，故答案选 C。句意：随着近几年的发展，我曾 经工作过的村子里的人们现在过上了幸福的生活。 答案：C 例 3. (2014 山东日照期末)This was an unforgettable graduation ceremony ,_ our teacher made a wonde
17、rful speech. A. of which B. with which C. without which D.in which 解析： 本题考查定语从句。 先行词为 ceremony， 将先行词代入在定语从句中还原为： our teacher made a wonderful speech in the ceremony 故用 in which。 答案：D 例 4. (2015 浙江高考) Creating an atmosphere _employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. A. as B. whose C. in which
18、 D. at which 解析：考查定语从句介词加 which 的用法。In the atmosphere 是一固定搭配，此处可以用 where,分析 句子结构结合所给的四个选项空格之前是名词，其后的句子是对这一名词的修饰限定，所以这是一 定语从句。根据介词+which=where 及短语 In the atmosphere 可知本题答案用 in which。 答案：C 例 5. (2014 天津高考) English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently. A. all of which
19、 B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them 解析： 考察定语从句先行词是 several diverse cultures，在定语从句里使用 which 指代先行词作为介词 of 的宾语。排除 CD 项，这两项并不是定语从句。A 项在定语从句中做主语的时候，谓语动词要使 用复数形式，本题定语从句中的 uses 说明 A 项是错误的。B 项中的 each 做主语，谓语动词使用单 数形式。 答案：B 基础演练基础演练 一将下面的两个简单句合并成一个含有定语从句的复合句。 1. She is the girl. I went there with
20、 the girl. _ 2. I want to find the pen. I wrote the novel with the pen. _ _ 3. I remember the day. “The Beatles” played their first hit on that day. _ 4. The guitar was lost. George gave many performances with i t. _ 5. The musicians were very popular. They worked with the musicians. _ _ 6. Luckily,
21、 wed brought a road map. Without the road map we would have lost our way. _ 7. The girl has just come back. My sister visited the Great Wall with the girl. _ 8. He loved his parents deeply. Both of his parents are very kind to him. _ 9. I bought an ancient vase. The price of the ancient vase was ver
22、y reasonable _ 10. The person is Mr. Ball. I lent my bicycle to the person. _ _ Keys: 1. She is the girl with whom I went there. 2. I want to find the pen with which I wrote the novel. 3. I remember the day on which “The Beatles” played their first hit. 4. The guitar with which George gave many perf
23、ormances was lost. 5. The musicians with whom they worked were very popular. 6. Luckily, wed brought a road map without which we would have lost our way. 7. The girl with whom my sister visited the Great Wall has just come back. 8. He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 9. I
24、 bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable. 10. The person to whom I lent my bicycle is Mr. Ball. 巩巩固提高固提高 二改错 1. Can you point out the house which you live? 2. I dont know the person to who you are speaking. 3. They will never forget the days which they stayed together. 4. Dong
25、tou is a beautiful island and where we can enjoy delicious seafood. 5. The book, which he paid 6yuan, is worth reading. Keys: 1. which in which/ where 2. who whom 3. which on which/ when 4. and where where 或 where there 5. which for which 一单项选择。 ( )1. There are species living in the depths of the oc
26、eans _ we still know little. A. for which B. in which C. of what D. of which ( )2.Ive read many stories of Lei Feng , _this is the most touching one. A. who B. of which C. of whom D. that ( )3.Todays English learners have a wide choice of dictionaries _to choose. A. from which B. in which C. for whi
27、ch D. of which ( )4.A good advertisement often uses words _ people attach positive meanings A. that Bwhich Cwith which D. to which ( )5. The position, however, _you are applying, is not quite a well-paid one. A. that B. for which C. which D. to which ( )6. Trading leather handbags is the business _
28、the Greens have been devoted over the past decade. A. what B. where C. in which D. to which ( )7. In our city there are several big public parks _many people can go to enjoy the beautiful scenery. A. in which B. at which C. from which D. to which ( )8. Mr. David has been to Many cities in China, _Xi
29、an has impressed him most. A. of which B. in which C. with which D. on which ( )9. On the second floor there are two rooms , _ is used as a meeting room. A. the larger of which B. one of them C. the larger one of that D. the largest of which ( )10.The police arrived, _the situation became calmer. A.
30、 after which B. before which C. in which D. from which ( )11. I feel uncomfortable each time I remember the situation _ my brother didnt agree with me _the matter Awhere; to B. that; at C. which; about D. in which; on ( )12. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great suc
31、cess. A for which B at which C in which D on which ( )13. Soon children in tha camp had many new friends, _they shared food, stories and projects. A. for which B. with whom C. of which D. to whom ( )14. About 1.62 million Chinese students went abroad to study between 1978 and 2009, _only 497,400 hav
32、e come back. A. who B. among whom C. among which D. in which ( )15. China has 56 nationalities, each of _has its own characteristics, forming the various and colorful Chinese culture. A. them B. what C. that D. which Keys: 1-5 DBADB 6-10 DAAAA 11-15 DCBBD _ _ 一单选 ( )1. Is this the school _ you studi
33、ed ten years ago? A. in which B. that C. in that D. the one that ( )2. I have many friends, _some are businessmen. A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom ( )3. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs_ they are being trained. A. in that B. for that C.
34、in which D. for which ( )4. Last month, p art of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from_ effects the people are still suffering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what ( )5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _they can talk frequently. A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
35、 ( )6. In the dark street there wasnt a single person _she could turn f or help. A. that B. who C. to whom D. from whom ( )7. The couple felt most angry about the way _ the waiter of the hotel treated them. A. by which B. in which C. for which D. with which ( )8. Do you know who lives in the buildin
36、g _there is a well? A. in front of it B. in front of w hose C. in front of which D. in front which ( )9. She is a teacher of much knowledge, _much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom ( )10. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, _ 80% are sol d abroad. A
37、. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that Keys:1-5 ADDBD 6-10 CBCDA 二阅读理解 A Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Quite simply, because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that
38、 every person had the right to fail. Most parents work hard at preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her childs hastily made table as “perfect” even though it doesnt stand still. Another way is to s
39、hift blame. If John fails science, his teacher is unfair or stupid. The trouble with failure-prevention devices is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything. No one can win all the time-and that its possible to enjoy
40、a game even when you dont win. A child whos not invited to a birthday party, who doesnt make the honor list on the baseball team, feels terrible, of course, but parents should not offer a quick consolation prize(安慰奖) or say, “It doesnt matter.” Because it does. The young should be allowed to experie
41、nce disappointment-and be helped to master it. Failure is never pleasurable. It hurts grown-ups and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask “why did I fail?” Dont blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you ca
42、n improve. If someone else can help, dont be shy about inquiring. Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a bad party how to give a second one, from an illchosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that
43、 seems definitive can prompt(激起) fresh thinking, a change of direction. After 12 years of studying ballet a friend of mine auditioned(面试) for a professional company. She was turned down. “would further training help?” she asked. The ballet master shook his head. “You will never be a dancer,” he said
44、, “you havent the body for it.” In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock(鉴定) bravely and ask, “What have I left? What else can I do?” My friend put away her shoes and moved into dance treatment center, a field where shes both able and useful. Failure frees one to take risks because the
45、res less to lose. Often there is recovery of energya way to find new possibilities. ( )1. The first paragraph tells us _. A. the reason why so many people are afraid of failure B. the reason why we dont know how to fail C. failure is very natural for every person D. one should be ready to face failu
46、re at any time. ( )2. The second paragraph tells us_. A. how a mother praised her children B. two ways of failure prevention most parents use when their children fail C. how to shift blame D. parents should blame their children at the proper time ( )3. According to the author, what should a child kn
47、ow in the real world? A. Ways to avoid failure. B. No one can be best all the time at everything. C. No parents should offer quick consolation. D. He can get pleasure from failure as well as success. ( )4 What can make a positive contribution to ones life once he learns to use it? A. Success B. Disa
48、ppointment C. Failure D. Value. B Was he dreaming? David Ewart saw a red ball of fire. He shot out of a deep sleep and heard his ten-year-old daughter, Heather, screaming. Ewart jumped out of bed on the second floor of his home. Downstairs he heard loud popping noises, glass bulbs, furniture, applia
49、nces exploding as fire consumed them. Three hundred and fifty people, including friends and family members, had attended Ewarts annual Christmas party at his home in Valencia, California. David was a giver. They all enjoyed themselves. After the party, he and his 77-year-old mother, Esther, put out
50、the candlesall but one, missed and left burning on a holiday paper tablecloth. Now, as Ewart started down the hall to alert his parents and three children, he said a silent prayer: God, if it is your will, save us. The heat was hellish(地狱般的). But then he felt a hand on his shoulderand something that
