2021年译林牛津版八年级上册语法要点总结

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1、8A8A 语法要点总结语法要点总结 (苏教译林)(苏教译林) Unit1/unit2 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级形容词、副词的比较级和最高级 1、形容词、副词比较级和最高级词汇变化规则形容词、副词比较级和最高级词汇变化规则 1)大多数短短形容词(adj.)或副词(adv.)(单音节和少数双音节) : 直接加 er est:long fast 以 e 结尾的直接加 r st:nice 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的:去 y+ier iest:easy 以“一个元音+一个辅音字母”结尾的:双写辅音字母+er est (重读闭音节) :big 2)长形容词(两个以上) : more+形/副 most+形

2、/副:important 3) 不规则(死背) good/well : Bad/badly: many/much: little: far: 2、形容词、副词比较级和最高级句型用法形容词、副词比较级和最高级句型用法 1)比较级:两者比较, “形容词或副词比较级+than” (根据上下文,than 可以省略) E.g.Tom is much taller than Mary. (注意注意: much 可以修饰比较级“.得多”) Tom runs faster than Mary. 比较级正常没有 the,特殊句型除外 than 后面主宾格问题: 主语比较主语比较(且没有宾语且没有宾语),than

3、 后面没有谓语动词:主宾格都可(考试以学校老师的讲解为标准) ,但 than 后面 出现谓语动词只能主格。 E.g. He is taller than she/her. He is taller than she is. He plays better than she/her.He plays better than she does. 宾语比较宾语比较只能宾格(试比较下面两句意思) E.g. He knows her better than I. 翻译 He knows her better than me. 翻译 2)最高级:三者及以上比较,the+最高级+(比较范围) 可接序数词 E

4、.g. The building is the tallest in the country. The building is the second tallest in the country. 注意 in 和 of 的选择: E.g. She is the tallest of the three students. 3、数量比较的四个形式数量比较的四个形式 多:more+名词+than, the most 少:fewer/less+名词+than, the fewest/least 这时不翻译成“更/最” ,而要翻译成“更多或最多/更少或最少” 注意比较差别:more students

5、more beautiful 4、同级比较(同级比较(unit3) as.as “和.一样” 否定:not as/so.as“不及,不如”=less+原级或反义词比较级+than E.g. Mr Wu is as happy as the two girls. The two girls are not as tall as Mr Wu. =The two girls are shorter than Mr Wu. 根据形容词选择 I think English is not so important as Chinese. =I think English is less important

6、 than Chinese. 5、特殊用法、特殊用法 1)固定句型 形容词最高级前若有不定冠词 a 时,不表示比较,而表示“非常”之意: 试比较下两句话: E.g. Spring is a best season. Spring is the best season. 比较级+and+比较级(短) /more and more+原级(长) “越来越” E.g. better and better more and more beautiful(长单词不需要重复 a.或 adv.) 两种情况同时变化 “the+比较级,the+比较级” “越.越.” E.g. The older I get, t

7、he happier I feel. 2)同义转换 E.g. Li lei is the tallest student in his class. =Li lei is taller than any other student in his class. E.g. I think English is not so important as Chinese. =I think English is less important than Chinese. Less +a.原级+than 仅用于长单词 短单词要换反义词,见下 E.g. The model bridge isnt as tal

8、l as the real one. =The model bridge is shorter than the real one. Unit3 反身代词反身代词 1、单词形式:注意单复数、单词形式:注意单复数 从我自己开始默写 2、用法用法 1)放动词或者介词后做宾语 E.g. enjoy oneself do sth. by oneself 2)做表语或同位语 E.g. I am not myself today. 我今天不在状态 The thing itself is not important. 3)在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均

9、可。 E.g. No one but myself/me is hurt. 4)常见的含反身代词的短语:背 say to oneself 自言自语;心里想 think to oneself 独自想 enjoy oneself 过得开心;玩得愉快 teach oneself 自学 take care of/look after oneself 照顾自己 help oneself to. 随意吃. for oneself 为自己;独立地、 by oneself 独自地;单独 in oneself 自身;本来,本质上 注意: 反身代词本身不能单独作主语,判析: Myself drove the ca

10、r. (错) I myself drove the car. (对) 但在 and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是 myself 做主语时 Charles and myself saw it. 查尔斯和我看到的。 Unit4 祈使句、祈使句、should 和和 had better 1、祈使句、祈使句 1)肯定 Do 型:动词原形(+宾语)+其他成分 E.g. Please have a seat here. 有时动词可省 E.g. This way, please!=Go this way, please! Be 型:Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其他成分

11、E.g. Be a good boy! 要做个好孩子! Let 型:Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分 E.g. Let me help you. 2)否定 Do 型和 Be 型:句首加 Dont E.g. Dont go! Dont be late for school! Let 型两种: “Dont+let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分” 、 “Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他成分” E.g. Dont let him go.=Let him not go. 有些可用 no 开头,用来表示禁止性祈使句 E.g. No smoking! 2、should 和和 had better 1)Sho

12、uld:劝告、建议、义务“应该” ,语气比 must,ought to 强,加动原 表示合理的推论, “;理应,应该” E.g. You should stop worrying about it. We should arrive before dark. 我们天黑以前应该能赶到。 2)had better: “应该;最好” ,后接不带 to 的不定式。had 无人称和数的变化 常用来提出建议,尤其较强,往往含有强迫或命令的语气。指现在或将来,不指过去 E.g. Youd better go there by bus.(注意缩写) 否定;had better not do,疑问句 had 放

13、主语前 反义疑问:had+主语,但有时也会用 will you 表示建议或请求 E.g. Youd better not go out today,had you? E.g. You had better come to my house,will you? 对长辈或上级说话,避免使用,可用:It may/might be better for you to do Unit5 情态情态动词动词 may 、动词不定式、动词不定式 1、情态动词、情态动词 may 表示可能性表示可能性: 不太有把握,过去式 might 否定:cant 不可能,may not 可能不 和 can 的异同,具体见语法练

14、习册 2P30 背 2、动词不定式动词不定式 形式:to+动原,在句中可做:主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等 目前最常见的放动词后作宾语, “动词+to+动原” : begin, start, want, forget, remember(注意 to do 和 doing 意思上的区别), learn, like, hate, love, ask 等. Unit6 动动词不定式表示目的、动词不定式做宾语补足语词不定式表示目的、动词不定式做宾语补足语 1、动词不定式常用在、动词不定式常用在 go,come,hurry 等不及物动词后,表示目的。等不及物动词后,表示目的。 In order

15、to 是不定式做目的状语的强调形式,有时可提到句首,表示强调目的。 E.g. To learn English quickly and well, he went to England. 2、动词不定式做宾语补足语三种情况动词不定式做宾语补足语三种情况 1)接带 to 的不定式:动词+宾语+to do tell,ask,want,would like,wish,like,invite,encourage,teach 等 E.g. Her parents wish her to be a teacher. 2)接不带 to 的不定式:注意改被动要补出 to feel,hear,listen to

16、,see,look at,watch,notice,let,make,have E.g. Let the boy go now. The boy is let to go now. 3)可接带 to 的不定式也可接不带 to 的不定式:help 4)否定形式在 to 前加 not,无 to 则在动原前加 not E.g. Tell them not to play football in the street. Unit7 句子结构句子结构 1、主主+谓(谓(subject+Verb) E.g. Li Ming works very hard. 2、主主+谓谓+宾(宾(subject+Verb

17、+Object) E.g. I dont know what I should do next.(从句做宾语) 3、主主+谓谓+表(表(subject+Verb+Predicative) 1)表状态:表状态:be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep E.g. The kind of food tastes delicious. 2)表示变化:表示变化:become,turn,get,grow,go E.g. Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 4、主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾: (直宾: (subject+V

18、erb+Indirect object+Direct object) 在这种句型中,直接宾语直接宾语为主要宾语,在句中不可或缺;间接宾语间接宾语也称为第二宾语,去掉之后对句子影响 不大:buy,pass,lend,give,tell,show,bring,send 可换成:主+谓+直宾+介词介词+间宾: E.g. Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. = Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 5、主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+宾补宾补:(s

19、ubject+Verb+Direct object+Object complement) “宾语+补语”统称为复合宾语。宾语补足语的主要作用是补充说明宾语的特点、身份、状态或动作行为。 通常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等担任。 E.g. You should keep the room clean and tidy. adj. We made him our monitor. n. 不定式做宾补的三种情况: E.g. My parents always asks me to study hard. I often hear her sing at home in the e

20、vening. (省略 to,被动要补出来) I often help Mum (to) do housework at home. (to 可要可不要) Unit 8 过去进行时过去进行时 1、时间状语时间状语 过去的某一特定时间(昨晚十点)发生或者过去某段时间持续的动作(昨天下午三点到五点) 。 E.g. I was sleeping at 10 p.m. last night. We were watching TV from 7 to 9 last night. 2、When、while、as 引导的状语从句引导的状语从句 “当“当.时” ,从句在前要“, ”时” ,从句在前要“, ”

21、 1)判断时态和引导词 一个短暂性动作发生在持续性动作期间,短暂动作用一般过去时,持续性动作用过去进行时; 选择引导词根据主句时态确定。 (主句是进行时,when 引导从句,有时也可以 as;主句过去时,三者皆可, 若主句过去时且从句进行时,多选 while) E.g. I was sleeping when the earthquake started. =While/When/As I was sleeping, the earthquake started. While/When/As Millie was watching TV, Andy came into the room. 两个

22、持续性动作同时发生,都用过去进行时; E.g. I was sleeping while he was studying. (这是通常用 while 引导) 两个短暂性动作同时发生,都用一般过去时; (通常用 when/as 引导) E.g. I thought of it just when/as you opened your mouth. 2)三个词的其它意思和用法区别,非限定在过去时 表示两个正在变化的情况,意思为“随着” ,用 as E.g. Things are getting better and better as time goes on. 暗示一种规律,表示“每当.的时候”

23、用 when E.g. He smiles when you praise him. 主从句不是同时进行,有先后顺序一般用 when E.g. I will go home when he comes back. When 可做并列连词“这时(突然) ” ,while 可做并列连词“而,却” ,as 没有类似用法 E.g. We were about to start when it began to rain. He likes coffee , while she likes tea. (非主从句) When/as 可加 n,while 不可 E.g. When/As a boy, he lived in Japan. When/while 可加-ing,介词短语、adj.等, as 不可 E.g. When/while in trouble,ask her for help. When 用法最多,While 不加名词,as 不作并列连词不加-ing,介词短语、adj.

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