2020年牛津译林版八年级下英语全册知识梳理

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1、Unit1 Past and present 一、同步知识梳理一、同步知识梳理 知识点知识点 1:past and present(P6) (1)past n. 过去,以前;in the past 在过去 adj. 过去的,以前的;in the past few years 在过去的几年里 prep. 经过 walk past the post office 走过邮局 【例句】 In the past, there was no underground in Nanjing. Lets not make the past mistakes. When I walk past the post

2、office, I see a bird flying over the tree. (2)present adj.现在的; 目前的; 出席的 n.现在; 礼物; at present 现在 ; a present for you=a gift for you 给你的礼物 vt.介绍; 出现; 提出; 赠送; 【例句】Everyone can be presented a present at present. 知识点知识点 2:Youve changed, Eddie. You used to share food with me.(P6) 你变了。你以前跟我分享食物的。 (1)change

3、: vt./vi. 改变,变更; change into 变成 n.变化,改变; change(s) to .的变化 【例句】Great changes to Nanjing have taken place. (2)use n.用途; 使用能力; 运用头脑(或身体)的能力; vt.用,使用; 行使, 【常用短语】used to (do sth.) “过去常常(做某事)” 批注:批注: 否定形式:否定形式:didnt use to / usednt to get/be used to(doing sth. )“习惯于(做某事) 【例句】He used to go fishing every S

4、aturday. But since he changed his job, hes barely(几乎不) had a chance. He thinks hell never be used to this busy lifestyle. 【拓展】useful adj. 有用的;useless adj. 无用的 知识点知识点 3:I first lived in the northern part of the town with my parents.(P8) 【例句】Beijing is in the northern part of China. 批注:注意 in the north

5、 与 in the northern part of 的同义句转换。例如: Beijing is in the north of China.=Beijing is in the northern part of China. 知识点知识点 4:When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and weve lived in this area since then.(P8)当我当我 1965 结婚的时候, 我的妻子和我搬到了两个街区之外, 从那之后我一直住在那个地方。结婚的时候, 我的妻子和我搬到了两个街区之外

6、, 从那之后我一直住在那个地方。 (1)marry: vt. 娶; 嫁; 结合; marry sb 与某人结婚 marry A to B 把 A 嫁给 B adj. married 已婚的; 短语:A and B get married /A get(s) married to B n marriage 婚姻 【例句】Some young couples got married on that day. (2)move: vt. 使感动 【常用短语】move away 搬走 move into 搬进 move out of 搬出. 【例句】Every year millions of peop

7、le moved into the city while millions of people moved away. 知识点知识点 5: Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.(P8) turn into 进入,拐进; (使)成为, (使)进入 turn. into 把.变成 【例句】I saw him turn into the library. 北 南 西 东 东南 东北 西南 西北 adj. norther n southern western eastern southeastern

8、 northwestern northwestern northwest ern n . north south west east southeast northwest northwest northwest How can you turn a bottle of water into a bottle of orange juice? 【常用短语】turn on 开 turn off 关 turn up 调高;开大(音量、煤气等) turn down 调低;关小(音量、煤气、灯火等) turn over 把翻过来 turn back 往回走 turn left 向左转 turn rig

9、ht 向右转 知识点知识点 6:There was once a steel factory near the Sunshine River.(P9) 阳光河附近曾经有一个钢铁厂。阳光河附近曾经有一个钢铁厂。 once: adv.曾经 =used to 【例句】There was once a shopping centre here.=There used to be a shopping centre here. n.一次,一回; = one time 【例句】I am used to doing exercise once a week. 知识点知识点 7:They often put

10、the waste into the river.(P9)他们经常把垃圾放到河里。他们经常把垃圾放到河里。 短语:短语:put sth into 把放进,使进入 【例句】Please put the food into the fridge. 【常用短语】put away 拿走,储存备用 put back 放回;向后移 put down 写下;记下 put on 穿上 put off 延期;推迟 put out 熄灭;关熄;扑灭 put up 举起;抬起;张贴 知识点知识点 8:Later the government realized the problem and took action

11、to improve the situation.(P9)后来政府后来政府 意识到这个问题并采取行动去改善这种情况。意识到这个问题并采取行动去改善这种情况。 (1)realize v. 意识到;实现=come true 【例句】My dream comes true.=I realize my dream. (2)improve v 提高;改善;改进 n. improvement 提高,改进; 【常用短语】improve living standard 提高生活水平; improve your English;改善你的英语; 【例句】Do you know how to improve you

12、r memory? 知识点知识点 9: Now the river is much cleaner. (P9)现在河流干净了很多。现在河流干净了很多。 此处的 much 用于修饰形容词比较级。类似的用法还有:much; still; even; far; a little; a bit; a lot; 【例句】-How do you feel today? -Even worse. 知识点知识点 10: Well, in some ways it is.(P9)好的,在某种程度上它是。好的,在某种程度上它是。 短语 in some ways 在某些方面,在某种程度上 【例句】In some w

13、ays, I do agree with you. 【拓展】1. in many ways 在许多方面;用许多方法; in this way 用这种方法; 2. on ones way to 表示“在某人去的路上”;(home/here/there 这几个词前不需要加 to) 3. by the way 表示“顺便说/问一句”; 4. all the way 表示“全程;一直”; 5. in a way 在某一点上,在某种程度上 6. in the way 挡道 in the way of sb 挡在某人路上 知识点知识点 11:It has become impossible for us

14、to see each other as often as before.(P9)对我们来说像以前一样的对我们来说像以前一样的 经常见面已经变得不可能了。经常见面已经变得不可能了。 (1)此处的 it 是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式 to see each other. 常用句型:It is +adj+ for sb to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是怎样的。 【例句】It is dangerous for us to go out alone at night. (2)as often as before 像以前一样的经常 as . as 像一样。 知识点知识点 12:Now I

15、 feel a bit lonely from time to time. (P9)现在我经常会感到有点孤单。现在我经常会感到有点孤单。 (1)lonely: adj.孤独的,孤单的; 寂寞的; 荒凉的 【常用短语】feel lonely 【词汇拓展】alone adv. 单独,独自=by oneself=on ones own 【例句】1.Our teacher asks us to finish the task alone. =Our teacher asks us to finish the task by ourselves. =Our teacher asks us to fini

16、sh the task on our own. 2. My grandma lives alone, so she feels lonely sometimes. (2)time: n 时间; 次数;时代(常用复数) 【常用短语】at the same time 同时 in time 及时;适时 on time 按时,准时;按时 all the time 始终,一直 at a time 一次;每次;在某时 from time to time 不时,有时 for the first time 首次;第一次 知识点知识点 13:I have learned more about Beijings

17、past and present.(P14)我对北京的现在和过去了解的更多我对北京的现在和过去了解的更多 了。了。 Beijings past and present=the past and present of Beijing 一般s 形式的所有格表示有生命的所有关系。一些无生命的名词,如:时间,国家、城市等地点以及价 格、重量、距离等名词也可以在词尾加s 来构成所有格。 a seven days holiday 一个七天的假期 Londons weather 伦敦的天气 ten dollars sugar 十美元的糖 of 所有格由“of + 名词或名词短语”构成, 修饰前面的名词, 表

18、示无生命的名词的所有格。 如 a map of China 一张中国地图 有些名词既可以用s 所有格,也可以用 of 所有格,两者可互换。 the son of our teacher = our teachers son 我们老师的儿子 Unit2 Travelling 过去和现在 past and present 过去常常做某事,曾经做某事 used to do sth. 过去常常是,曾经是used to be + n./adj. 习惯于做某事,适应于做某事 be/get used to doing sth. 习惯于,适应于 be/get used to + 名词或代词 被用来做某事(被动

19、语态) be used to do sth. 不同时期的运输工具 transport at different times 过去常常骑自行车去学校 used to go to school by bike = used to ride the bike to school 环游城市 go around the city 搬家 move house 搬到某地 move to sp 搬离(某地) move away (from sp.) (从某地)搬出来 move out (of sp.) 搬进新的公寓 move into the new flats 住在镇北 live in the northe

20、rn part of town = live in the north of town 结婚(动作)/ 结婚(状态) get married / be married (adj.) 和某人结婚 get/be married with sb 嫁给某人 / 娶某人 marry (vt.) sb. 把 A 嫁给 B marry A to B 对.很了解 know very well 从那时起 since then 在几年间改变很多 change a lot over the years 搬到两个街区远的地方 move two blocks away 在镇中心 in the town centre =

21、 in the centre of town 把 A 变成 B turn A into B= change A into B 把镇中心的部分地方变成一个新地方 turn part of the town centre into a new park 把废弃物倒进河里 put the waste into the river 意识到这个问题 realize the problem 采取行动改善这个情况 take action to improve the situation 一家钢铁厂/ 两家钢铁厂 a steel factory / two steel factories 在某些方面,在某种程

22、度上 in some ways 通过很多方法 in many ways 打牌下中国象棋 play cards and Chinese chess 感到有点寂寞 feel a bit lonely= feel a little lonely 一座偏远的山村 a lonely mountain village 独自生活 live alone 有时,偶尔,间或,时不时地 from time to time = at times = sometimes 像以前一样经常/频繁 as often as before 采访某人 have an interview (n.) with sb.= intervi

23、ew (vt.) sb. 一生(从出生到死或到现在) all ones life / all ones lives 在过去的世纪 over the past century 到现在为止 till/until now 变成一个现代化的小镇 become a modern town 乘公交车进出小镇 travel to and from the town by bus 居住环境 living conditions 天气状况 weather condition 当地人 local people 从美国回来 return from the USA = come back from America 回到

24、某地去 return to sp = go back to sp return sth. to sb. = give sth. back to sb. 火车站 the railway station 去国外,出国 go abroad 上一次互相见面 last see each other (adv.) 主要通过邮件联系 mainly communicate by email 和某人交流 communicate with sb. = have a communication with sb. 使联系变得容易多了 make communication much easier 和某人保持联系 kee

25、p in touch with sb. (河流)流过,流经 run through 独自 on ones own = by oneself = alone 到处是垃圾 rubbish everywhere 两边都是绿色 green trees on both sides 在一些宽阔的空地 in some large open spaces 狭窄和脏的马路 narrow and dirty roads 享受舒服的生活 enjoy a comfortable life 重点句子:重点句子: 1. Have you seen my food? 你见到过我的食物了吗? Yes, I have just

26、 eaten it. 是的,我刚刚吃了它。 2. Youve changed. 你已经变了。 3. You used to share food with me. 你过去常常和我分享食物的。 4. You used to be so kind to me. 你曾经对我如此地好。 5. Ive lived there since I was born. 自从出生以来,我就一直住在这儿。 6.It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before. 对于我们来说,要像以前一样经常见面已经变得不可能。 7. Now I

27、 feel a bit lonely from time to time. 现在,我时不时地感觉有一点孤独。 8. Anyway, its good to see the amazing changes in the town. 无论如何, 看到城镇惊人的变化是好 的。 9. They have finished their homework already. 他们已经完成作业了。 10. John has never visited China. 约翰从未参观过中国。 11. The government realized the problem and took action to imp

28、rove the situation .政府意识到这个 问题并且采取措施改善这种状况。 12. We havent seen each other for years. 我们已经好多年彼此未见了。 13. My parents havent come back yet. 我父母还未回来。 14. When did you last see each other? 你们上一次是在什么时候见面的? 15. The Internet makes communication much easier. 因特网使得交流容易得多了。 16. It is not easy to get used to the

29、 changes of life quickly. 迅速适应生活的变化是不容易得。 17. Many changes have taken place in Moonlight Town over the years. 月光镇在这些年发生了许多变化。 = There have been many changes in Moonlight Town over the years. = Moonlight Town has changed a lot over the years. 18. Now people are enjoying a comfortable life.现在人们正享受着舒适的

30、生活。 现在完成时 1基本结构为:助动词 have/has+动词的过去分词 (1)表示过去发生的行为、动作或情况对现在造成的影响或结果。时间副词常用 just(刚刚), already(已经) ,still(仍然),recently(最近) ,yet(还、尚) ,ever(曾经) ,never(从不) 。其 中 just,already 用于肯定句;yet,ever,never 常用于疑问句或否定句;still,recently 可用于 肯定句、否定句或疑问句。如: Have you ever been to Hong Kong? 你曾经去过香港吗? I havent got the lett

31、er from my uncle yet. 我还没收到我叔叔的信。 (2)表示从过去开始并持续到现在的行为、 动作或情况。 常与 for 或 since 引导的时间状语连用。 for 表示一段时间,后接时间段;since 表示“自从”,后接时间点。(3)也常与 so far(迄今为止), in the past several years(在过去几年里), ever since (迄今) , in/during/over the past/last few years(在 过去几年里)这类从过去到现在的时间状语连用。在此类句子中,谓语动词要用延续性动词, 而不能是短暂性动词。如: The ch

32、ildren have been away from home since the new term began.(不用 left) 自从新学期开始,孩子们就已经离开了家。 2具体的几组时间短语辨析 ago 用于一般过去时(用瞬间动词) ;since ago 用于现在完成时;in the past 用于一般过去 时;in the past few years 用于现在完成时;just now(置于句末)用于一般过去时;just(置于句中) 用于现在完成时。如: I bought this dictionary three years ago. I have had this dictionar

33、y for three years. I have had this dictionary since three years ago. 这本字典是我三年前买的。 还可以用“It is/has been+时间段+since 从句”改写为: It is three years since I bought this dictionary. Unit 3 Online tours 【单词拓展】 1. Asia n. 亚洲Asian ad j. 亚洲的 2. Africa n. 非洲African adj. 非洲的 3. Europe n. 欧洲European adj. 欧洲的 4. Americ

34、a n. 美国American adj. 美国的 5. southern adj. 南方的,南部的south n.南方,南部 6. darkness n. 黑暗dark adj. 黑暗的; n.黑暗;暗处 7. musical n. 音乐剧musical adj. 音乐的music n. 音乐musician n. 音乐家 8. hard adj. 辛苦的,艰难的hard adv. 艰难地,努力地 9. play n. 戏剧,剧本play vt. I think that is is very important to keep the classroom clean. It is + adj

35、+ for sb + to do sth .意为“做某事对某人来说是” Eg; it is dangerous for children to swim in the sea. It is + adj.+ of sb + to do sth .这个句型用来表达某人的品格和能力。 Eg: it is very kind of you to help me. 语法语法一、一、 名词名词 (一) 知识概要 名词两大类: 专有名词与普通名词名词两大类: 专有名词与普通名词。 专有名词是指: 个人、 事物、 机关等所专有的名称, 如, the Great Wall, America它们是不能随意变动的。

36、 而普通名词普通名词中则包括个体名词个体名词, 如 pen, worker它表示单一单一的个体人或事物; 集体名词集体名词,如:family,class, team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体集合体;物质名词物质名词,如:water,paper它表 示的是一种物质,原材料;而后一种是抽象名词抽象名词,如:work, time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到, 但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。 种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker,

37、pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算,所以 它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work可数

38、名可数名 词词是可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单数形式和复数形式有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是: 1. 一般情况加一般情况加 s,如:penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读清辅音后读s ,在元音和浊辅音后 ,在元音和浊辅音后 读读z 。如:mapmap , boyboys. 2. 在以 s,sh,ch,x 结尾的名词后面加结尾的名词后面加 es,如:busbuses,classclasses,其读音为读音为iz 。 3. 以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加结尾的名词加 s,其读音为,其读音为iz 。 。

39、4. 以辅音字母加辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词结尾的名词, 要将, 要将 y 变为变为 i 再加再加 es, 读作 z , 如: factoryfactories,countrycountries, family families.但要注意的是以元音字母加以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加结尾的名词的复数形式只加 s,如:boyboys,daydays。 5. 以 o 结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加 es,但如果 o 前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以 o 结尾的则只加 s, 如:tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianop

40、ianos 6. 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词的复数形式要将 f 或 fe 变为 v 再加 es,如:knifeknives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的词 如 roof 的复数形式是 roofs。 7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice 8. 单复同形的名词有:单复同形的名词有:fish, sheep,deer 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police 等。 名词还有格的变化,其主格可名词还有格的变化,其主格可

41、作主语,宾格可作宾语。作主语,宾格可作宾语。 还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s 其复数形其复数形 式是式是 s, 如其结尾不是, 如其结尾不是 s 的复数形式仍加的复数形式仍加s, 如:, 如: a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示时间、在表示时间、 距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s,如:,如:a twenty minutes walk.但无生命名词的所有格

42、则必须用但无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结结 构,如:构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers (二) 正误辨析误Please give me a paper.正Please give me a piece of paper. 析paper 在英语中是属于物质名词一类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要用与之相关的量词 来表达,如:two pieces of paper. 误My glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken. 误I want to buy two shoe

43、s.正I want to buy two pairs of shoes. 析英语中 glasses眼镜,shoes鞋,trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示 一副眼镜应用 a pair of glasses 而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如:This pair of glasses is very good. 误May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios? 析以 o 结尾的名词大都是用加 es 来表示其复数形式,但如果 o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加 s 就 可以了。这样的词有 zoozoos,pi

44、anopianos. 误This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary. 析如名词前有指示代词名词前有指示代词 this, that, these those,及其他修饰词及其他修饰词 our,some, every, which, 或所有格时,则不要再或所有格时,则不要再 加冠词。加冠词。 误There are much people in the garden.正There are many people in the garden. 析 可数名词前应用 many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰, 而 peopl

45、e 是可数名词, 而且是复数名词, 如: The people are planting trees here. 误I want a few water.正I want a little water. 析不可数名词前可以用 a little, little, a lot of, some 来修饰,但不可用 many,few 来修饰。 误Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. 误Toms and Marys family a

46、re waiting for us.正Toms and Marys families are waiting for us. 误Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me. 正Im sorry. I have to go. Toms family are waiting for me. 析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Toms family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家

47、人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有: family, class, team 误Dont eat too much meats.正Dont eat too much meat. 误误Food in that restaurant is very good.正正The food in that restaurant is very good. 析物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加析物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加 s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特 指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:I dont

48、like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good. 误Please give me two waters.正Please give me two glasses of water. two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar,a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,a bag of earth Ill tell you a piece of good news. 误误Can you give me the newspaper of today?正正Can you give me todays newspaper? 析加析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如:构成所有格的名词一般

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