1、Unit 10 特殊句式及交际用语 语法精讲 一、特殊句式 考点1 it引导的句型 1.强调句型:It is/was +被强调的部分+ that(who)+其他 强调句型表示强调,当被强调部分指人时,既可以用that,也可以 用who引导从句;当被强调部分是物时,只能用that引导从句。 It was because he was ill that he didnt come to school today. 他是因为生病了,所以今天才没有来上学。(强调原因) It is Tom who/that told me about the news. 是汤姆告诉了我这个消息。 2.It is tim
2、e that +从句主语+ did +其他,意为“该是的时候了” that从句中要使用虚拟语气,一般采用动词过去式的形式作从句谓 语。该句型中的time前还可以有修饰语high, about等,即It is high time that.或It is about time that. It is high time that we went home. 我们该回家了。 3.It is/was said/reported + that从句,意为“据说/据报道” It was said that he had read this novel. 据说他读过这部小说。 4.It is impossib
3、le/necessary/strange + that从句,意为“不可能/有必要/ 很奇怪” 从句中的谓语用should + do的形式时,是一种虚拟语气,其中 should可以省略。 It is strange that he should have failed this exam. 真奇怪,他这次考试竟然没有及格。 5.It is + a pity/shame + that 从句,意为“很遗憾,真可惜” Its a great pity Joyce wasnt invited. 很遗憾,乔伊斯没有受到邀请。 Its a shame that you have to leave so so
4、on. 真可惜,你这么快就要离开了。 6.It is suggested/ordered + that 从句,意为“据建议/按照命令” 该句型表示建议/命令,从句的谓语动词用should do,但should可以 省略。 It is suggested that the meeting should be put off. 有人建议推迟会议。 7.It is/was +表示时间的名词+ when +从句,意为“当的时候,正 值” 本句型不是强调句型,其中when引导的是定语从句。 It was a winter afternoon when we left for London. 我们前往伦敦
5、是在一个冬天的下午。 8.It is/was +表示地点的名词+ where +从句,意为“这就是的地 方” 本句型不是强调句型,其中where引导的是定语从句。 It was this house where I was born. 这是我出生的房子。 试比较:It was in this house that I was born. 我就是在这所房子里出生的。 (本句是强调句型。) 9.It is well-known that +从句,意为“众所周知,” It is well-known that she is a learned woman. 众所周知,她是个知识渊博的女人。 10.I
6、t sounds/looks +形容词,意为“听/看起来像” It sounds like a dog barking right here. 听上去好像有狗就在这儿叫。 11.It looks as if.意为“看起来” It looks as if it is going to snow. 天看上去要下雪了。 12.It takes sb.+时间+ to do sth.意为“做某事花费某人时间” It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。 13.It is + adj.(+of sb.)+ to do sth.与
7、It is + adj.(+ for sb.)+ to do sth.(某人)做某事是 若该句型中形容词侧重描述不定式发出者的品格、性质,可使用of sb.,若该形容词侧重客观描述不定式动作本身,则使用for sb.。 It is very kind of you to help me carry the heavy box. 你帮我一起抬这个笨重箱子,真是太好心了。(kind修饰人,故用 of) It is difficult for me to work out the math problem. 计算出这道数学题对于我来说是很困难的。(difficult强调to work out,故用f
8、or) 考点2 倒装句 1.here, there, now, then等副词引起的倒装 以here, there, now, then等地点或时间副词开头的句子,谓语动词是 be, come, go,remain等,且主语又是名词时,需使用全部倒装。 Here comes the bus! 公交车来了! There goes the bell. 铃声响了。 注意 如果句子的主语是代词时,则需用部分倒装。Here it comes! 它来了! 2.out, in, up, down, away等副词引起的倒装 有些动词与副词out, in, up, down, away等构成不及物动词短语。为
9、 了使句子更生动,可将这些副词提前到句首,这时用全部倒装。 Up went the rocket. 火箭升天了。 Out rushed the children. 孩子们冲出去了。 3.地点介词短语引起的倒装 将表示地点的介词短语放在句首进行强调时,需使用全部倒装。 Round the corner walked a tall and strong policeman. 一个高大强壮的警察在拐角处走来走去。 4.主系表结构的倒装 主系表结构中,当句子主语部分较长,或为了强调句子的表语时, 常使用全部倒装。句子的结构为“表语+系动词+主语”。 Gone are the days when we
10、had nothing to eat. 我们食不果腹的日子一去不复返了。 5.条件状语从句省略if引起的倒装 if虚拟条件状语从句中,如果将连词if省略,需用部分倒装。 Were I you, I would go there. 如果我是你的话,我就会去那里。 6.as引导的让步状语从句的倒装 Heavily as it was raining outside, the soldiers kept training in the rain. 尽管外面大雨倾盆,士兵们仍在雨中坚持训练。 Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. 尽管他是个孩子,但
11、他能明辨是非。 注意 该句型中,单数名词提前,不能加冠词,如上面例中的child, 不需加冠词。 7.否定词或短语引起的倒装 具有(半)否定意义的词或短语位于句首时,用部分倒装,如 seldom, rarely,not, never, by no means, in no time, hardly.when., no sooner.than., not only.but also.等。 Not only did he learn English well but also he spoke French very well. 他不但英语学得好,而且法语讲得也很流利。 8.so.that.句型中
12、的倒装 so.that.结构中,有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词,常将so连 同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提前放在句首。 So bright was the moon that people can see the road clearly. 月亮如此明亮,人们可以很清楚地看到马路。 9.only引起的倒装句 Only by this means can I do this work well. 只有用这种方式我才能做好此项工作。 10“.so + be/助动词/情态动词+主语”;“neither/nor + be/助动词/情态 动词+主语” 前面陈述的肯定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用到这
13、种倒装结 构,即“so + be/助动词/情态动词+主语”,表示“另一人(物)也如此”。 如果前面陈述的否定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用“neither/nor + be/ 助动词/情态动词+主语”这种倒装结构。 Tom failed to work out the problem, and so did I. 汤姆没能解决问题,我也没有。 “so +主语+ be/助动词/情态动词”这一句型常用于表示赞同,进一步 肯定对方的看法,表示“的确如此,是呀”。 Its a fine day today. 今天天气很好。 So it is. 的确如此。 考点3 反意疑问句 1.反意疑问句的基本构成及
14、答语 基本构成:陈述句,+助动词/情态动词+代词?(要遵循“前肯后 否”与“前否后肯”的基本原则,即陈述部分是肯定句,反意疑问部分用 否定形式,陈述部分是否定句,反意疑问部分用肯定形式) 答语:在回答这类问句时,不管反意疑问句前的陈述句是肯定的还 是否定的,事实是肯定的,就用yes来回答,事实是否定的,就用no来 回答。 You dislike adventurous sports, dont you? 你不喜欢冒险运动,是不是? No, I dont. 是的,我不喜欢。 Yes, I do. 不,我喜欢。 2.祈使句的反意疑问句 在肯定的祈使句后可加上will you/would you/w
15、ont you/can you/could you/cant you?等,从而使语气更加委婉。 Come in and sit down, wont you? 进来坐一坐,好不好? 注意 在肯定的祈使句后,以上各种形式皆可选择,但在否定的祈 使句后只能用willyou? Dont be careless, will you? 别粗心大意,好吗? 以Let us/me开头的祈使句,反意疑问句需加will you?或 wont you?而以Lets开头的祈使句,反意疑问句加shall we?或 shant we?从而使语气变得更加缓和。 Let us do it for you, will you
16、? 让我们帮你做,好吗? Lets have a rest, shall we? 让我们歇会,好吗? 3.含(半)否定副词或否定代词的陈述句的反意疑问句 陈述句部分如果含有否定意义的词(如never, seldom, hardly, few, little, no one,nobody, nothing, neither, none等),反意疑问部分必须用肯 定形式。 You have never been to Beijing, have you? 你从来没去过北京,对吗? Maria has few friends in China, does she? 玛丽亚在中国没有几个朋友,是吧?
17、注意 在反意疑问句型中,当陈述部分含有dislike, unimportant等以 否定前缀构成的词的时候,陈述部分仍需看成是肯定句,相应地,其 反意疑问部分需使用否定的形式。 This is an unimportant question, isnt it? 这是个无足轻重的问题,是吧? 4.There be和That/This be 结构中的反意疑问句 陈述部分是there be结构时,反意疑问部分用be there结构,若be没 有其他情态动词或助动词修饰,就用be的适当形式;若be有其他情态动 词或助动词修饰,就用该情态动词或助动词的适当形式。 陈述部分是That/This be结构时
18、,反意疑问句部分用it代替that或 this。 There are some students playing on the playground, arent there? 操场上有些学生在玩耍,不是吗? There used to be a tailors shop near here, didnt there? 这附近过去有个裁缝店,是不是?(也可以用usednt there) This is your younger brothers shoolbag, isnt it? 这是你弟弟的书包,是不是? 5.不定代词作主语时的反意疑问句 陈述句部分如果有everything, nothi
19、ng等表示事物的不定代词作主 语,反意疑问部分的主语用it;陈述部分若为everyone, someone, anyone, no one等不定代词作主语,其反意疑问句部分的主语既可用he,也可用 they。 Nothing has been said at the meeting, has it? 会上什么也没说,是不是? 6.否定前移的反意疑问句 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的复合句时,反意疑问部分中的动词和主 语应和主句中的动词和主语保持一致。 He never thought I would come, did he? 他从没想到我会来,不是吗? 注意 否定前移的反意疑问句:如果陈述部分是“
20、I dont think(believe, guess, consider,feel, find, suppose等)+宾语 从句”,反意疑问部分中的动词和主语应和宾语从句的主语保持一 致,并且要用肯定形式。 I dont think that he has done that, has he? 我认为他没有做那件事,不是吗? 考点4 表达意愿和建议的句型 1.表达自己看法的句型 (1)I think/believe/suppose/expect句型 I think we can have a picnic if the weather is fine tomorrow. 我觉得咱们明天可以去
21、野餐,如果天气好的话。 注意 当think, believe, suppose, expect等动词的主语为第一人 称,且本身为一般现在时态时,其后的宾语从句的否定词通常转移到 主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 (2)Im afraid that.意为“恐怕” Im afraid that Ive no idea where hes gone. 恐怕我不知道他去哪儿了。 (3)I(dont)think it is +形容词+ to do sth.意为“我认为做某事是 (不)的”,该句型很多时候会转化为I(dont)think it +形容词+ to do sth.。
22、 I think it is good for you to take exercise in the morning. 我认为晨起锻炼对你有好处。 I dont think it necessary to print these photos. 我认为不必把这些照片打印出来。 (4)I(dont)feel like doing sth.意为“我(不)想做某事” I dont feel like doing anything today. 今天我什么也不想做。 (5)I hope that.意为“我希望” I hope that you can go to the cinema with us
23、. 我希望你能同我们一起去看电影。 (6)Id/Wed like to do sth.意为“我/我们想要做某事” Id like to see a film with you tonight. 今晚我想跟你一起去看电影。 2.表达建议的句型 (1)Would you like/love(to do)sth.? 意为“你想要(做)某事 吗?” Would you like to go to the cinema with me? 你愿意和我去电影院看电影吗? Yes, Id like/love to. 是的,我愿意。 Id love/like to, but I have to. 我很想去,但我
24、不得不 (2)Shall I/we do sth.? 意为“我(们)做某事好吗?” Shall we go to the zoo? 我们去动物园好吗? (3)Lets do sth.意为“咱们做某事吧!” 该句型后常加附加问句“shall we?”,使语气更加委婉。 Lets listen to this song, shall we? 咱们听听这首歌吧? (4)Youd better(not)do sth.意为“你最好(不要)做某事” Youd better go to hospital at once. 你最好现在就去医院。 (5)Why not do sth.? 意为“为什么不做某事呢?
25、” 该句型是Why dont you/we do sth.?的省略形式,表示向对方提出一 种建议或询问某种原因,有些时候暗含责备对方的意思。 Why not go and ask your teacher? = Why dont you go and ask your teacher? 为什么不去问问你的老师呢? (6)What/How about(doing)sth.? 意为“做怎么样?” What about meeting at the school gate? 在学校门口集合怎么样? (7)What do you think of.? 意为“你认为怎么样?” What do you t
26、hink of your new school? 你觉得你的新学校怎么样? (8)Do you mind.?/Would you mind.? 意为“你介意吗?” Would you mind me asking you a few questions? 你介意我请教你几个问题吗? (9)Will you please do sth.? 意为“请你做某事,好吗?” Will you please come to my home, Mary? 玛丽,请你来我家好吗? 考点5 表示比较的句型 1.同级比较句型 (1)as.as.句型 第一个as为副词,其后通常接形容词或副词的原级,第二个as可用
27、作介词(后接名词或代词)或连词(后接从句等)。as.as.可用于肯定 句或否定句中。否定句中可以用not so/as.as.。常用的表达结构有: as +形容词/副词+ as as +形容词+ a/an +可数名词+ as as many/few +复数名词+ as as much/little +不可数名词+ as He is as handsome as his brother(is). 他和他哥哥一样英俊。 注意 as.as.结构中可使用以下修饰语:(not)nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite等,并且这些修饰语必须
28、 置于第一个as之前,而不能置于其后。 Happiness depends not so much on wealth as on health. 快乐与其说在于财富倒不如说在于健康。 (2).times as.as.意为“是的几倍” “两倍”用twice,三倍以上常用“具体数字+ times”。 This line is four times as long as that one. 这条线是那条线的四倍长。 注意 该句型还可以表示为: 主语+ be + the size/length/width/height + of +被比较的 对象 Our building is twice the
29、height of yours. 我们的大楼是你们的大楼的两倍高。 (3)the same.as.表示“同一类”;the same.that.表示“同一个” 此处as和that都是关系代词,引出的都是定语从句。 He used the same book as you do. 他使用的书和你的相同。 The man we met yesterday in Paris is the same man that we saw in the USA. 昨天我们在巴黎看见的那个男子就是我们在美国见过的那一个。 2.表示比较级的句型 (1)形容词或副词的比较级+ than She goes to sch
30、ool earlier than other students. 她比其他同学去学校早。 (2)主语+ be +百分数/倍数+形容词比较级+ than +被比较的对象 This city is twice larger than ours. 这个城市比我们城市大两倍。 (3)The +形容词比较级,the +形容词比较级 The sooner you do it, the better it will be. 你越早做越好。 (4)more and more结构 The noise of traffic grows louder and louder. 交通的噪音变得愈来愈大。 (5)one
31、of the +最高级 The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。 注意 no more than.意为“仅仅” It is no more than ten minutes walk from the station. 从车站走到这里只有不到十分钟的路程。 no less than.意为“不少于,多达;足足有 之多” No less than ten students failed in the exam. 足有十位学生在这次考试中不及格。 (6)主语+ be + the +形容词比较级+ of/
32、between. He is the taller of the two. 他是两人之中较高的那个。 3.表示最高级的句型 (1)主语+ be + the +形容词或副词最高级 Spring is generally considered to be the best season of the year. 春天一般被认为是一年中最好的季节。 (2)one of + the +形容词或副词最高级 He is one of the tallest boys in the class. 他是班里最高的男孩之一。 (3)nothing is +比较级+ than.意为“没有比更的了” Nothing
33、 is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued than time. 没有比时间更贵重的东西,但也没有比它更受轻视的东西。 (4).nothing more than.意为“只不过” It is nothing more than a made-up story. 它只不过是杜撰的故事而已。 (5)“比较级+ than any other +单数名词”;“比较级+ than + all the others”;“比较级+ than any of + the others” She is better than any other
34、student in her class. = She is better than all the others in her class. = She is better than any of the others in her class. 她是她们班里最好的学生。 4.其他比较句型 (1)prefer A to B,意为“比起B,更喜欢A;宁愿A而不愿意B” 在本句型中,A与B是平行结构,可以是名词、代词,也可以都是 动名词。 I prefer staying at home to going out. 我宁愿待在家里,也不愿意出去。 (2)prefer +不定式+ rather t
35、han +不定式,意为“宁愿也不 愿” 本句型中,第一个不定式前面要加to,第二个不定式前面以不加to 居多;rather than也可以置于句首。 She preferred to go fishing rather than stay at home. 她宁愿去钓鱼也不愿意待在家里。 (3)would rather.than.意为“宁愿也不愿” The children would rather walk there than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里,也不愿乘坐公共汽车。 考点7 其他句型 1.spend.on sth./(in)doing sth.花费/花时间做某事
36、 Jack spent 100,000 yuan buying an old car. 约翰花了10万元买了辆二手车。 2.too +形容词+(for sb.)+ to do sth.太以至于(某人)不 能 The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 这篮子太重,我拿不动。 3.doubt + whether +从句 I doubt whether he can come this afternoon. 我不确定他下午是否能来。 4.cant afford sth.不能负担某事 They couldnt afford $50 for a ticket. 他
37、们没钱买一张50美元的票。 5.cant help doing sth.忍不住做某事 Whenever I hear the story, I cannot help crying. 每次我听到这个故事,就忍不住要哭。 6.cant wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事 I cant wait to meet him next week. 我迫不及待想下周见他。 7.not do sth.any more 不再做某事 He doesnt live here any more. 他不再在这里住了。 8.be busy doing sth./be busy with sth.忙于某事 He
38、 is busy doing his homework.= He is busy with his homework. 他正忙着做作业。 9.make sure + that.确保,务必,一定要 Make sure that you put down every word she says. 你务必记下她说的每一个字。 10.Whats wrong with.? 怎么了? Whats wrong with you? 你怎么了? 11.What if +主语+动词? 该句型意为“如果的话怎么办呢?” What if it is true? 如果这是真的又该如何呢? 12.主语+ pretend
39、+不定式/that从句 此句型意为“假装”,pretend 后面用不定式或 that 从句。 He was pretending to climb a mountain. 他那时假装正在爬山。 13.When it comes to+动名词/名词 此句型意为“一谈到”,其中to为介词,后跟动名词,有时也可 跟名词。 Hes a bit of an expert when it comes to computers. 在电脑方面,他堪称专家。 14one.the others.或者some.the others. 此句型意为“一个,另一些;一些,其余”,用于 限定三者以上。 We have 30
40、 students in our class; one passed the exam, and the others all failed. 我们班上有三十位学生,只有一位通过了考试,其余都不及格。 15.主语+动词+特殊疑问词+ to do sth. 此结构中,特殊疑问词部分包括疑问代词who, whom, what, which和 whose以及疑问副词when, where和how。 Can you tell me how to improve my English? 你能告诉我怎样提高我的英语水平吗? 注意 “特殊疑问词+动词不定式”的同义句转换 在句中,“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”可
41、以转换为特殊疑问词引 导的宾语从句。 We cant decide when to start.= We cant decide when we should start. 我们无法决定什么时候出发。 16.How is the weather.?/Whats the weather like.? 天气怎么 样? How is the weather in your hometown? = Whats the weather like in your hometown? 你的家乡天气怎么样? 17.Thanks for.多谢 Thanks for helping me.Youre so kin
42、d. 谢谢你帮助我,你真是好心肠。 18.find it +形容词(+ for sb.)+ to do sth.发觉做某事(对某人来 说)是 He found it impossible to get there on time. 他发现不可能准时到达那里。 二、交际用语 考点1 打电话(Making phone calls) 1.请给某人/某单位打电话 Would/Could/Can you ring up/call/call up/telephone.? 请你给打 电话好吧?其中,Can you.? 用得最普通;Could/Would you.? 用在正 式场合,比较礼貌。 2.电话拨不通
43、时常说 The line is busy. 电话占线。 I cant get through. 我打不通。 Ill try again later. 我过一会儿再打。 (其中的line指电话线路,get through 指接通电话) 3.电话拨通后相互打招呼 Hello,(name or telephone number) 你好,(并通报本人的姓名或单位名称或电话号码) Hello, is that.speaking? 你好,你是吗? 应答时常说: Yes,(this is).speaking. 是的,我是 Yes, its.here. 是的,我是 Who is that speaking/c
44、alling? 你是谁? Who is speaking/calling, please? 请问你是谁? 4.打电话请对方找人或留言 Is.in/at home? 某某在家吗? Can/May/Could I speak to., please? 请接电话好吗? Will/Would you give a message to., please? 请给捎个口信好吗? Would you tell him my telephone number, please? 请你把我的电话号码告诉他好吗? Can/Could you ask.to ring me back, please? 请叫给我回个电话
45、好吗? 应答时常说: Hold on/Wait a minute/One moment, please. 请稍等。 Im sorry.is not in/at home now. 对不起,现在不在家。 Can I take a message? 我能给你捎个口信吗? Does he have your telephone number? 他有你的电话号码吗? Ill ask him to call you back. 我叫他给你回电话。 考点2 表示问候(Expressing greetings) 1.直接问候 (1)一般打招呼用语,答语通常是重复对方的话: Hello.你好!Hi!嗨!Goo
46、d morning(afternoon, evening).早上 (下午、晚上)好。 (2)初次见面打招呼的用语: How do you do? 您好! Glad to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 答语也是:How do you do?/Glad to meet you. (3)对有一段时间没有见面的熟人可选用这些句型: How are you?/How have you been? 你(您)好吗? 答语往往是:Fine, thank you.And you? (4)向认识但不常见面的人打招呼,可选用这些表达: Hows everything with you?/How is ever
47、ything going?/How are you getting on?/Whats new/up? 近来怎么样? 答语可用:Pretty well.(好极了)/Very well.(很好)/Everything is OK.(一切顺利)/Not too bad.(还好) (5)想要叫不认识的人停下来时,可选用这些说法: Hey, sir(madam). 喂,先生(小姐)。 Just a moment, sir(madam). 等一下,先生(小姐)。 注意 此时不能说:“Hey! You.” 2.间接问候 (1)Please give ones regards/best wishes/lov
48、e to./Please remember me to sb.请代我向某人问好。/请代我向某人致意。 (2)Say hi/hello to.(from me)意为“请代我向问好”。这相 当于Please give my best regards/wishes to. (对于上述问候,其答语通常为:Of course./Sure, I will.) 考点3 介绍(Introductions) 1.介绍某人的常用表达式 Ill introduce you.我来给你介绍 I want to introduce.我想介绍 May I introduce you to.? 我把你介绍给好吗? Id li
49、ke you to meet.我想让你见见 Its with great pleasure that I introduce.to you.很荣 幸让我介绍给你。 Let me introduce you to.让我把你介绍给 By the way, do you know.? 顺便问一问,你认识吗? 2.对介绍的应答 How do you do? 你好! Very glad to meet you.很高兴认识你。 Nice to meet you.很高兴认识你。 Its a pleasure to meet you.认识你很高兴。 考点4 祝愿、祝贺及应答(Good wishes, congratulations and responses) 1.当某人取得成功时 I have passed the ex