1、专题八 并列连词和状语从句,考向分析 在高考中,针对并列连词的考查主要体现在and,but,or,so等词的用法 上。状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目 的状语从句、结果状语从句等,而高考考查的重点是when,if,because,be- fore,until,since等引导词的用法。,考点一 并列连词,考点二 状语从句,本专题考点,考点清单 考点一 并列连词 单句填空 1.I am not afraid of tomorrow, for I have seen yesterday and I love today. 答案 for 句意:我不惧怕明天,因为我已经看到了昨
2、天并热爱今天。 本题考查并列连词。根据语境可知,前后分句为因果关系,故答案为 for。,语境运用,2.He is a shy man, but/yet he is not afraid of anything or anyone. 答案 but/yet 句意:他是一个腼腆的人,但是他不害怕任何事,也不害 怕任何人。根据句意可知前后两个分句为转折关系,故用but/yet。 3.Give me a chance, and Ill give you a wonderful surprise. 答案 and 句意:给我一次机会,我会给你一个惊喜。本题考查并列连 词。根据“祈使句+and+陈述句”句式,
3、故填and。,4.Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery while another man,also intelligent,fails. 答案 while 句意:没办法知道为什么有人能够有重大发现,而有的人 同样聪明,却不能。while 在这里表示两种情况的对比。,1.and (1)and作并列连词,意为“和,并且”,当连接三个或三个以上并列的成 分时,一般在最后两者之间加and,其余用逗号分开。 He bought a book and a pen.他买了一本书和一支笔。 Solid,liquid
4、 and gas are the three states of matter.固态、液态和气态是物 质的三种状态。 (2)go(come,stop等)+and+动词,“and+动词”相当于“in order to+动 词”。 Ill go and bring back your boots.=Ill go in order to bring back your boots.我去把你的靴子拿来。,用法精讲,(3)“动词+and+同一动词”表示动作长时间地“继续”或“重复”。 We waited and waited.我们等呀等。 (4)“祈使句+and+陈述句”相当于“if从句+主句”。 Wo
5、rk hard and you will succeed.=If you work hard, you will succeed.努力 工作,你就会成功。 One more time(=Give me one more time)and I will succeed.=If you give me one more time, I will succeed.再给我一次机会,我就会成功。 2.or (1)or表示选择,意为“或,还是”。 Would you prefer tea or coffee? 你喜欢茶还是咖啡? Are you going to America by boat or by
6、 air? 你到美国是坐船还是坐飞机?,(2)“祈使句+or (else)+陈述句”相当于“if.not+主句”。 Hurry up, or youll be late for school.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late for school. 赶快,否则你上学就要迟到了。 Dress warmly, or else youll catch cold. 穿暖和点,否则你会感冒的。 3.表示对比、转折关系的并列连词有but,yet,whereas,while等。 Jane said she was ill,yet I saw her in the st
7、reet just now. 简说她生病了,但刚才我在街上看到了她。 He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music. 他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢民间音乐。,Some of the studies show positive results,whereas others do not.有一些研 究结果令人满意,然而其他的则不然。 此外but还可用于“Im sorry but.”,“Excuse me but.”句型中。 I am sorry but I wont be able to come tonight.对不起我今晚不能来。 4.表示因果关
8、系的并列连词有so,for等。 It must have rained last night,for it is wet all over. 昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是湿的。 The shops were closed,so I didnt get any milk. 商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。,5.when也可用作并列连词,意为“那时,这时”,相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式:sb.was doing sth.when.;sb.was about to do/ going to do/on the point of doing sth.when.;sb
9、.had just done sth. when.。 We were having a meeting when someone broke in. 我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进来。 We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 我们正打算动身,突然下起了雨。 I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me. 我刚写完作业,Tom就来找我了。 6.表示并列关系的并列连词有both.and.,not.but.,either.or.,nei-,ther.nor.,not on
10、ly.but also.等。 He spoke with both kindness and understanding.他说话既亲切又明事 理。 The point is not who said the words, but whether they are true or not. 关键不是谁说了这些话而是这些话是不是真的。 Either you are mad or I am mad. 不是你疯了就是我疯了。 Neither Tom nor Helen is hard-working. 汤姆和海伦都不勤奋。 Not only men but also women were chosen
11、.选中的不仅有男性还有女 性。,考点二 状语从句 一、时间状语从句 单句填空 1.If you dont understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people until/till you figure it out. 答案 until/till 句意:如果你不明白某件事情,你可以去调查、研究并 与其他人探讨,直到你弄明白为止。设空处引导时间状语从句,表示 “直到为止”,故用until/till。,语境运用,2. As the average age of the population increases
12、, there are more and more old people to care for. 答案 As 句意:随着人口平均年龄的增长,有越来越多的老年人需要 照顾。考查状语从句。根据句意可知此处应用As引导状语从句。 3.We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it. 答案 before 句意:在能够解决这个问题之前,我们需要找到它的根源 所在。根据句意可知用before。,4.It was the middle of the night when my father woke me up and to
13、ld me to watch the football game. 答案 when 句意:半夜,我的父亲把我叫醒并告诉我来看足球赛。根 据语境可知,设空处引导一个时间状语从句,表示“当的时候”,故 填when。 单句改错 5.It was several minutes after I took in what he was saying. afterbefore 答案 afterbefore 句意:几分钟后,我才理解他说的是什么。“It+be +一段时间+before.”为时间状语从句的常用句式,意为“过了多久才 ”,故after改为before。,(一)when,while,as 1.从属
14、连词when既可引导一个持续性动作,也可引导一个短暂性动作; 可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生,也可用于从句动作先于主句动作 发生。 When I lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. 我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。 When the film ended,the people went back.,用法精讲,电影一结束,看电影的人便回去了。 当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构,而且其主语和主句的主语一 致,其表语又是一个名词时,就可以用由as引导的省略结构来代替when 引导的从句。 As a young man(=W
15、hen he was a young man),he was fond of hunting. 他年轻时喜欢打猎。 2.从属连词while引导的动作是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对 比。 Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作时请别那么大声谈话。 3.从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译,为“一边,一边”或“随着”。 He hurried home,looking behind as he went. 他匆匆忙忙回家去,一边走一边回头望。 As time goes on,its getti
16、ng warmer and warmer. 随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了。 4.如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示 在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时when,while与as可互换使用。 When/While/As I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine. 当我沿大街行走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。,(二)as soon as,immediately,directly,the moment,the minute,the instant和 once(一就) 这些从属连词
17、引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即发 生,常译为“一就”。 The moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was coming. 一听到那个声音,我就知道父亲快来了。 The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother. 那个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。 注意:no sooner.than.;hardly/scarcely.when.也可表示“一就 ”,这一结构的时态搭配为:no sooner与hardly/scarcely所在的主句的 谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与wh
18、en引导的从句的谓语动词应用一 般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,其所在的,主句应用倒装语序。 (三)till,until和not.until 1.肯定句:主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式, 意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。 He remained there until/till she arrived. 他在那儿一直待到她来。 You may stay here until/till the rain stops.,你可以在这里待到雨停。 2.否定句:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为 “某动作直
19、到某时间才开始”。 He wont go to bed till/until she returns. 直到她回来他才会去睡觉。 3.till不可以置于句首,而until可以。 Until you told me I had no idea of it. 直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。 4.not until.句型的强调和倒装用法。 It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型) Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首,主句要,部分倒
20、装) 直到你告诉我,我才知道此事。 (四)before和since 1.若表达“还未就;不到就;才;还没来得及 就”时,需用连词before。 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我们跑了还不到一英里他就感到累了。 Before I could get in a word,he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。,2.before从句中谓语不用否定式。 Bef
21、ore they reached the station,the train had gone. 他们到火车站前(他们还没到火车站),火车就已开走了。 3.“It will be/was+一段时间+before.”常翻译成:才;就。 It was half a year before I came back. 半年后我才回来。 It wont be long before we meet again. 过不了多长时间我们就会再见面了。 4.since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性 的或者是反复发生的动作。since从句的时态若是一般过去时,主句中 的时态常是现在完成时
22、或现在完成进行时。,I have written home four times since I came here. 自从我来到这儿,我已经给家里写过四封信了。 She has been working in this factory since she left school. 她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。 5.在“It is+一段时间+since从句”句型中,since引导的从句的谓语动词 若是延续性动词,常理解为某一状态的终止;若是终止性动词,则理解为 某一动作的开始。 It is three years since the war broke out.(终止性动词) 自战争爆
23、发以来已有三年了。 It is three years since I smoked(=since I stopped smoking).(延续性动词) 我不吸烟已有三年了。,如果译成“我吸烟已有三年了”,应为:It is three years since I began to smoke.(终止性动词) (五)every time,each time,next time,the last time,any time等名词短语用来 引导时间状语从句,表示“每当;每次;下次”等。 Every/Each time I was in trouble,he would come to help me
24、 out. 每当我处于困境,他就会来帮助我。 Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here. 下次你来这里的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。 The last time she saw James,he was lying in bed. 上次她看见詹姆斯的时候,他正躺在床上。,二、地点状语从句 单句填空 1.Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction. 答案 where 句意:
25、位于“一带”和“一路”的交汇处,江苏将对“一 带一路”的建设贡献更多。本题考查地点状语从句。设空处引导地点 状语从句,且在从句中作地点状语,因此用where引导。,语境运用,2.(2015安徽) Where he once felt like giving up,he now has the determina- tion to push further and keep on going. 答案 Where 句意:在他曾经想要放弃的地方,他现在有决心进一步推进并且坚持下去了。根据句意可知用Where。,引导地点状语从句的从属连词where,wherever指具体地点时,从句 可用于主句之前或
26、之后;表示抽象条件的含义时,从句需放在主句之前。 We should go where the Party needs us most. 我们应到党最需要我们的地方去。 You are free to go wherever you like. 你愿意去哪里就去哪里。 Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。 Where there is smoke,there is fire. 无火不生烟。/无风不起浪。,用法精讲,三、原因状语从句 单句填空 1.I really enjoy listening to music because/as it
27、 helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day. 答案 because/as 句意:我真的很喜欢听音乐,因为它帮我放松并使我 不操心一天中的其他事。本题考查原因状语从句。空格前后为因果关 系,故答案为because或as。,语境运用,2.Mark needs to learn Chinese since/as/because his company is opening a branch in Beijing. 答案 since/as/because 句意:马克需要学习汉语,因为他的公司正准备 在北京开一家分
28、公司。考查原因状语从句,所以填since/as/because。 3.However, most scientists regard it as nothing more than a legend only because there is a lack of concrete evidence. 答案 because 句意:然而,由于缺乏确凿的证据,大多数科学家认为那 只是一种传说。设空处填从属连词because,引导原因状语从句。,1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because,as,since,now that,每个连词 的含义不尽相同。 如: I was absent from t
29、he meeting because I was ill. 因为我病了,所以我开会缺席了。,用法精讲,As it is raining,we shall not go to the park. 由于在下雨,我们不去公园了。 Now that/Since everybody is here,lets begin our meeting. 既然大家都在,我们开始开会吧。 2.此外,when也可以表示原因,意为:since;considering that 既然;考虑到。 如: It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk ther
30、e in five min- utes. 既然你步行5分钟能到那里,却坐出租车,真够愚蠢的。,四、目的状语从句 单句填空 1.Cathy had quit her job when her son was born so that she could stay home and raise her family. 答案 so 句意:当Cathy的儿子出生时,她辞去了自己的工作,为了在家 抚养家庭。根据句意及句子结构可知,born之后是目的状语从句。故空 格处填so(so that为了)。 2.The police officers in our city work hard in order
31、that the rest of us can live a safe life. 答案 that 句意:为了让我们大家过上平安的生活,我市的警官工作非 常努力。在题干中,hard之后为目的状语从句,结合语境可知,that符合题 意(in order that为了)。,语境运用,引导目的状语从句的从属连词有:so that,in order that,for fear that,in case, lest等。 1.in order that与so that 两个连词都意为“以便;为了”,它们引导的状语从句中需用 情态动词。in order that比so that正式,引导的状语从句可置于主句
32、之前 或之后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。如: Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我会慢慢说,以便你能懂。,用法精讲,In order that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.为了能 看到日出,我们很早就出发去了山顶。 2.for fear that与in case 引导目的状语从句时,for fear that表示“害怕,担心”某事会发生;in case (that)表示“以防(万一)”出现某种情况。如: Mary didnt want
33、 to get out of bed,for fear that she might wake her baby (up).玛丽不想起床,担心吵醒她的宝宝。 Take your raincoat,in case it rains. 带上雨衣吧,以防下雨。,五、结果状语从句 单句填空 1.Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. 答案 so 句意:Pahlsson尖叫声如此大,以至于她的女儿从房子里跑了 出来。根据空后的that和语境可知,此处是so.that引导的结果状语从句, 故空格处
34、填so。,语境运用,2.(2017江西九江十校二次联考) Hunting elephants was so profitable that from 1979 to 1989 the number of elephants in Africa fell from 1.3 million to 600,000. 答案 that 句意:猎杀大象能如此有利可图以至于从1979年到1989年, 非洲大象的数量从130万下降到60万。so.that.意为“如此以至 于”,引导结果状语从句。 3.His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to acce
35、pt it. 答案 that 根据句式“such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that+其 他”可知,that符合题意。,1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that,so.that.,such.that.。在非 正式语体中,由so.that.,such.that.引导的从句中的that可以省略,注意 其结构:,用法精讲,Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him. =Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him. 迈克是一个如此诚实的工人,以至于我们都信
36、任他。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天气如此晴朗,以至于我们都想去公园。 He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family. 他挣这么少的钱,以至于养不起家。 注意:(1)为了强调形容词和副词,当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装 语序。 So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions.,他是如此聪明的一个学生
37、,以至于能够解出所有难题。 (2)当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时,还可简 化为:so/such.as to.。 He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult questions. He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult ques- tions. 2.such.that.引导的状语从句与such.as.引导的定语从句的区别。 首先观察两个句子: He is such
38、a clever boy as everyone likes. 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。,He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 他是一个如此聪明的孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。 第个句子中everyone likes成分残缺,缺少宾语,故可判断该句为定语 从句;第句中everyone likes him结构完整,不缺任何成分,故可判断为 状语从句。,六、条件状语从句 单句填空 1. Once/If the damage is done,it will take many years for the farmland to recov
39、er. 答案 Once/If 句意:一旦/如果遭到破坏,要花费很多年的时间才能使 农田恢复。根据句意可知用 Once/If。 2.It is so cold that you cant go outside unless fully covered in thick clothes. 答案 unless 句意:天太冷了,你不能出去,除非你被厚厚的衣服包裹得 严严实实。根据句意可知用 unless。此处unless fully covered=unless you are fully covered。,语境运用,3. If we are satisfied with only a few rul
40、es we have memorized, we are not really learning the language. 答案 If 句意:如果我们对仅仅记住几条规则就感到满意的话,那我们 就不是真的在学习这门语言。根据语境此处应该是考查条件状语从句, 所以要用if 引导。 单句改错 4.Mother had just said that when I wanted to have a better career advance- ment, I had to find work in the city. whenif 答案 whenif 句意:妈妈刚刚说,如果我想拥有一个更好的职业发 展
41、,我必须在城里找工作。根据语境可知,应为if引导的条件状语从句, 故将when改为if。,引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if,unless(=if.not如果不;除非;否 则),so/as long as(只要),in case(万一),on condition that(条件是),sup- pose/supposing(假设,如果),provided/providing that(如果)等。如: Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you dont study hard).除非 你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。 As long as y
42、ou dont lose heart,you will succeed. 只要不灰心,你就会成功。 Suppose/Supposing(that)they refuse us,who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁? In case there is a fire,what will we do first? 万一发生火灾,我们首先做什么?,用法精讲,七、方式状语从句 单句填空 1.Just as a single word can change the meaning of a sentence,a single senten
43、ce can change the meaning of a paragraph. 答案 as 句意:正如一个词可以改变一个句子的意思一样,一个句子 可以改变一个段落的意思。根据句意可知用as。 2.Jack wasnt saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him as though he had done something very clever. 答案 as 句意:杰克什么也没说,但老师向他笑了笑,好像他做了件聪 明的事情一样。在题干中,him之后是方式状语从句,结合句意可知,as与 题意相符(as though好像)。,语境运用,引导方
44、式状语从句的从属连词有:as,as if,as though等。方式状语从句一 般位于句尾,有时位于句中。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚 拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。 Do as you are told,or youll be fired. 叫你做什么你就做什么,否则你会被解雇。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.(虚拟语气)这位老太 太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。 I feel as if I have a fever.(陈述语气)我感觉我好像发烧了。,
45、用法精讲,八、让步状语从句 单句填空 1.(2017陕西咸阳二模) Researchers have found, in their experiment, that a babys cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain, making it impossible for us to ignore them whether we are parents or not. 答案 whether 句意:研究者们在他们的实验中发现,婴儿啼哭能够引 起头脑中独特的情感反应,使得我们不可能忽略他们,无论我们是不是 父母。whethe
46、r.or.可用来引导让步状语从句,意为:无论还是 。,语境运用,2.(2017江西新余一中、宜春一中联考) Wherever youre from, you can come to dance, dine, and take part in outdoor and indoor concerts. 答案 Wherever 句意:无论你来自哪里,你可以来跳舞,用餐,参加户 外、户内的音乐会。根据上下文逻辑可知设空处引导让步状语从句,意 为:无论什么地方,故填wherever。 单句改错 3.Unless hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight w
47、ithout cutting down the amount you eat. UnlessHowever 答案 UnlessHowever 句意:不管你如何努力,如果你不减少进食量, 是很难减肥的。根据语境并结合句式“however+形容词/副词+主谓” 可知,逗号前为让步状语从句,故应用however作为引导词。,1.although/though(尽管,虽然),even though/even if(虽然,即使,尽管)引导 的让步状语从句 although与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或never- theless连用,但不能和but连用。如: He
48、is unhappy,though/although he has a lot of money. 虽然他很有钱,但他并不幸福。 Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went on playing football. 虽然雨下得很大,但他们还是继续踢足球。 Even though it is raining,well go there.(陈述语气) 尽管下着雨,我们也要去那里。 Even if I were busy,I would go.(虚拟语气) 即使忙,我也要去。,用法精讲,注意:though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句
49、末。如: He said he would come;he didnt,though. 他说他会来,可是没有来。 2.whether.or.(不管还是);疑问词+-ever与no matter+疑问词 (不管;无论)。如: Whether you believe it or not,it is true. 不管你相信与否,那都是真的。 Whatever(=No matter what)you say,he wont believe you. 无论你说什么,他都不会相信你说的话。 Whoever you are(=No matter who you are),you must obey the rules.无论 你是谁,你都要遵守规则。,注意:whoever,whatever,whomever,whichever还可以引导名词性从句。 如: You can take w
