1、Section_ Grammar 复习定语和定语从句语法图解探究发现I thought this vast wave of food was the total number of dishes to be served.Everyone else just tasted a bit of each dish and then put their chopsticks down, continuing to chat.I still remember what I ate: a tuna fish and cheese sandwich.Do you know the girl singing
2、 over there?He is always the first person to leave the office.One evening he was entertaining the ruler of a small island in the Pacific.However, there are other kinds of foods that have taken longer for me to accept.But one thing I do admire is the polite manner in which British people eat, even if
3、 it is just a potato.As we all know, Vladimir Putin was elected President of Russia a fourth time.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.我的发现(1)句中，黑体部分在句中均作定语，且句中作前置定语， 作后置定语。(2)由句可知，形容词修饰不定代词时要放在不定代词后面 。(3)句中，黑体部分均为定语从句。(4)句中，黑体部分为非限制性定语从句。一、定语1概念修饰名词或者代词的词、短语或者从句称为定语。形容词、名词、代词、数词、不
4、定式(短语) 、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语以及从句等都可用来作定语。A bright future shines before my eyes.光明的未来展现在我的面前。(形容词作定语)His rapid progress in English made us surprised.他在英语方面的快速进步使我们很吃惊。(代词作定语)Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.我们的班长总是第一个进教室。(动词不定式作定语)He walks with the help of a walking stick.他在手杖的帮助下
5、行走。(动名词作定语 )There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。(从句作定语 )2位置定语的位置有两种：一种是前置定语，位于中心词之前，此时定语多为单个的词或复合词；另一种是后置定语，位于中心词之后，此时定语多为词组或从句。China is a developing country; America is a developed country.中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。(单个词作前置定语)Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher?和我们老师握手的那个人是谁？(分词短语作后置定语)
6、名师点津 something, anything, nothing 等复合不定代词的修饰词，即使是单个词，也要后置。There is something wrong with my watch.我的手表出毛病了。3多个词作定语时的顺序当多个词修饰同一个名词时，这些词的顺序为：限定词性质(描绘/观点)大小、长短、高低( 矮) 形状年龄、新旧颜色国籍、地区、出处物质、材料用途、类别名词。a charming small round old brown Chinese wooden table 一个迷人的、小而圆的、老式的、棕色中式木质桌子巧学助记 限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，用
7、途类别往后靠。4名词作定语名词作定语时，往往是说明中心名词的材料、功能、目的、时间、地点、种类等。a stone bridge 石桥a motor car 摩托车peace conference 和平大会winter vacation 寒假sea fight 海战science fiction 科幻小说即时演练 1 画出下列句子中的定语(2017全国卷书面表达)The exhibition will be held in the City Museum, located_in_the_north_of_our_city.It is reported that the floods have l
8、eft about two_thousand people homeless.The flowers smelling _sweet_in_the_park attract the passersby to the beauty of nature.For breakfast he only drinks juice from_fresh_fruit_grown_on_his_own_farm.We are invited to a party to_be_held in our club next Friday.The old town has narrow streets and smal
9、l houses that_are_built_close_to_each_other.Look at the broken glasses.They are playing an important_football match against Liverpool on Sunday.Your hair needs cutting.The two rooms upstairs are my_sisters bedroom.二、定语从句(一)定语从句中关系词的选择准确地判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分是确定关系词的关键所在，再结合先行词自身的属性便可做到万无一失。1关系词引导的定语从句关系词
10、先行词 从句成分 例句 备注who 人 主语、宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother？whom 人 宾语 Mr Smith is the person with whom I am working.关系代词whose 人或物 定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my whom, which 和that 在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面deskmate.that 人或物主语、
11、宾语、表语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which 物主语、宾语、表语The book (which) I gave you was worth $ 10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.的关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatas人、物或事主语、宾语、表语He wasnt unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.as 作宾语一般不
12、省略when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on whichwhere 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which关系副词why 原因 原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 for which2定语从句的分类(1)定语从句有限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉
13、了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。This is the house which we bought last month.(限制性定语从句)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.(非限制性定语从句)(2)当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.My house, which I bought last year, has got a lo
14、vely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.名师点津 关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。即时演练 2 用适当的关系词填空
15、Is he the man who/that will help you? He is the man whom/that I shook hands with yesterday. They rushed over to help the man whose leg had been hurt badly.Ill never forget the days when we studied in Beijing.Is this the reason why he was late for the meeting?The room whose window faces south is mine
16、.(二)难点突破1“介词关系词”引导的定语从句(1)关系代词作介词的宾语，当介词置于定语从句句首时，关系代词只能用 which (指物) 或 whom (指人)。The pencil with which he was writing suddenly broke.他正在用来写字的铅笔突然断了。Look at the photo. This is Mr Green, in front of whom sit three students.看这张照片。这是格林先生，在他的前面坐着三个学生。Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our c
17、lub? 你还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？名师点津“介词关系词”引导定语从句时介词的选择介词的选择要根据定语从句中的谓语、先行词以及它们之间的搭配来确定。有些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，故不能提到关系词前。关系副词 when 根据先行词的不同可转化为：介词 in/during/on/at 等which ；关系副词 where 可转化为：介词 in/on/at 等 which; 关系副词 why 可转化为：介词forwhich。(2)“不定代词或数词ofwhich/whom”引导的定语从句可转化为“ofwhich/whom不定代词或数词”引导的定语从句。其中不定代词为：some,
18、 any, none, both, all, many, a few, few, a little, little, either, neither, one, most, part 等。There are 40 students in our class, most of whom ( of whom most) like English.我们班有 40 名学生，他们中的大多数人喜欢英语。(3)“whose名词”引导定语从句时，可转化为 “the名词ofwhich/whom”或“ofwhich/whomthe名词”。介词 of 表示所有关系。I live in a room whose wi
19、ndows are all broken.I live in a room the windows of which (of which the windows) are all broken.我住在一个窗户都坏了的房间里。(4)表示“方式”的名词 way 后的定语从句中如果关系词在从句中作方式状语，关系词用 that 或 in which，也可省略关系词。I dont like the way (that/in which) he talks to me.我不喜欢他和我说话的方式。(5)“某些介词关系副词”可引导定语从句。He graduated from Beijing Universit
20、y in 2018, since when he has improved himself in all aspects.他 2018 年毕业于北京大学。从那时起他在各方面都提高了。即时演练 3 介词填空Ill never forget the day on which I joined the Party.The witness to whom the policemen referred was murdered last night.I cant remember the age at which he won the prize.I forgot the exact place in
21、which I had hidden the box.Is this the reason for which he didnt want to help us?I dont know the thing about which they quarreled yesterday.2定语从句中需要注意的问题(1)as, which 和 that 的区别从句 区别 例句限制性定语从句中名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰时，关系代词用 as，不能用 whichHe is not such a fool as he looks. Dont read such books as you ca
22、nt understand.非限制性定语从句中as 和 which 都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，像”的含义，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，那么用 as；而 which 引导的从句只能放在主句后They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadnt expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same . as 和 the same . thatthe same . as 指同类事物the same
23、 .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used last week.(同类工具，不是同一把) Thats the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用过的工具。(2)在一些类似地点的抽象名词后面，也可用关系副词 where 来引导定语从句。I can think of many cases where cultural differences really exist.我可以想出许多文化差异确实存在的事例。(3)定语从句的关系代词只用 that 而不用 which 的情况：当先行词是 all, much, anythi
24、ng, nothing, everything 等不定代词时。We should do everything that is useful to the people.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。当先行词是序数词或被序数词/last 修饰时。When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to our mind is the West Lake.我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。This is the fifth film that has been shown in our village.这是在我们村庄放映的第五部电影。当先行词是形容词
25、的最高级或被形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.这是当今世界上最小的计算机。当先行词既有人又有物时。They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.他们谈论他们访问过的那些老师和学校。当先行词被 the very, the only, the same 等修饰时。The only thing that I need now is a cup of coffee.我现在唯一需要的是一杯咖啡。This
26、is the very storybook that I want to read.这正是我想看的那本故事书。即时演练 4(1)用适当的关系词填空The road conditions there turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.You can use a larger plastic bottle, whose top is cut off, with its bottom as a pot to grow flowers in.The girl in plain clothes, who was
27、 wonderfully calm in face of danger, was just sixteen years old.As many of you are old enough to remember, the Beatles came from Liverpool.Its impossible to do all that work in such a short time!Can you think out a situation where this word can be used?(2)完成句子That is the_same_bike_as I lost.那辆自行车和我丢
28、失的一模一样。He is such _a_good_teacher as we all love and respect.他是那样一位我们大家都热爱和尊敬的好老师。The first thing that_catches _my_eye is the mural.最先引起我注意的是壁画。.单句语法填空1(2017全国卷)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, which is not good for the health.2(2017全国卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows a
29、long with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.3(2017浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.4(20
30、17江苏高考改编)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.5(2017北京高考改编)The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.6I know the man with whom you talked at the meeting.7I dont know the reason for
31、which he is late for school.8The film in which she stars has not released yet.9He is always the first person to_come (come) to school.10This is such an easy novel as you can read.完成句子1(2017全国卷书面表达)We are going to learn some Chinese poems that/which_were_written in the Tang Dynasty.我们将学习唐朝时写的一些中国诗歌。2
32、(2016天津高考书面表达)Your art skills are excellent and admirable, which_leaves_me_a_deep_impression.你们的艺术技能非常出色，特别令人钦佩，给我留下了深刻的印象。3(2016全国卷书面表达)Any student who_is_interested_in_this_activity is welcome to participate.欢迎对这次活动感兴趣的任何学生参加。4(2015广东高考写作)A new study appeared in the foreign medical field where_res
33、earchers_completed_a_project called DNA Test.在国外医疗行业出现了一项新的研究，研究人员完成了一个名为 DNA 检测的项目。5(2015天津高考书面表达)If there is something else that_we_can_do_for_you,_we are more than glad to give a helping hand.如果我们能为你们做些别的事，我们会很乐意伸出援手。6(2015全国卷满分作文) As_you_know,_besides tasty dumplings, what elderly people in the
34、nursing home also need is warmth and care.正如你所知道的，除了美味的饺子外，敬老院的老人们也需要温暖和关怀。.短文改错My spare time is full of interested activities. I read all kinds of books in the reading room whenever I am free. I learn much in the library than in class in this way. Meanwhile, I participated in many sports activities
35、, of that my favorite is volleyball. I often play volleyball after the school. Sports and games keep me healthy and energetic enough to get across a variety of difficulties. Sometime I go in for social practice with my classmates outside school. Thus, I can gain much social experiences. Outofclass a
36、ctivities are quite necessary for our students. Through these activities we can learn many things can not be learned in class.答案：第一句：interestedinteresting第三句：muchmore第四句：participatedparticipate; thatwhich第五句：去掉 the第六句：acrossover/through第七句：Sometime Sometimes第八句：experiencesexperience第九句：ourus第十句：things 后加 that/which
