1、考点十八 科普研究类A限时 8 分钟Could the device, smartphone or PC, which youre using affect the moral decisions you make when using it? To test it, researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people The participants were assigned a device at randomOne case of the questions participants were
2、asked is the classic “trolley (有轨电车) problem”： A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a set of train tracks You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people, or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley The practical response is to kill one man to save five l
3、ives, which 335 percent of smartphone users chose, compared to 223 percent of PC users “What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma
4、， ” Dr Albert Barque-Duran, the lead author of the study, told City University of London “This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs ”As for why the researchers
5、 started this study, Dr BarqueDuran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives, work and even shopping take place online, it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed, and the impact this could have
6、on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily ” Its clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decisionmaking because were using screens at an everincreasing rate1Why did the author mention the trolley problem?ATo introduce a difficult problem to readersB
7、To introduce the aim of carrying out the studyCTo show an example of the questions in the studyDTo show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas答案：C 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic trolley (有轨电车 ) problem”可以推断出，作者提及到电车问题，只是展示了研究的问题中的一个例子。故选 C。2How do t
8、he smartphone users of the study behave in dealing with emotional dilemmas?ACalmly BCruellyCHesitantly DEnthusiastically答案：A 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional, reasonable dec
9、isions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma”可知，对于情感困境，手机使用者更能够镇定地处理。故选A。3Dr Albert believes that compared with PCs, smartphones _Ahelp people bear more pressureBhelp people make decisions quickerCmake people feel more mentally distantDmake people stay happier to solve problems答案：C 细节理解题。根据
10、文章第三段最后一句可知，与电脑相比较，手机更使人感到心理上的疏远。故选 C。4What can we infer from the text?AShopping online has a great effect on making moral decisionsBThe people using smartphones are more than those using PCsCPeople who often use smartphones or PCs always meet with dilemmasDIt is common for people to be involved in
11、making moral decisions in daily life答案：D 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段可知 ，研究者进行研究的目的是为了证明这些设备是否影响道德决策，而且全文最后一句指出还须进行更多的研究，故排除 A；文中未提出使用手机的人比使用电脑的人多 ，故排除 B；由全文内容，尤其是第一段第一句可知，道德决策不仅存在于手机用户和电脑用户之间，只不过本文是在研究使用这些设备是否对道德决策有影响，故排除 C。B限时 8 分钟Most Americans are worried about new technology They are concerned that machi
12、nes, including robots, will take over work now done by humans These findings come from a new report by the Pew Research Center of Washington D CAbout 75 percent of Americans questioned by Pew said automation will increase income inequality between the rich and the middle class and poor And 64 percen
13、t of people expect automation to be so common in America that people will face difficulty finding things to do with their livesSome of the concerns about technology come from a distrust about whether machines will always make the right decision Many Americans believe humans have better judgement in
14、dealing with complex matters One example is selecting a person for a job Threequarters of Americans said they would not want to apply for a job that uses a computer program to choose the most qualified person“Most Americans want the government to limit automation For example, 87 percent support a re
15、quirement that all driverless vehicles have a human in the drivers seat who can take control when an emergency occurs And 85 percent want to limit machines to mostly doing jobs that are dangerous or unhealthy for humans And only 25 percent expect more jobs to come from automation， ” Pew saidMark Zuc
16、kerberg, the cofounder of Facebook, spoke last May to graduating seniors from Harvard University in Massachusetts His talk centered on the uncertain future facing young people “Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like selfdriving cars and trucks ” Zu
17、ckerherg told the graduatesZuckerberg said young people had better launch (发起) projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world He said in his speech that 30,000 people worked to put a man on the moon, and millions of people built the Hoover Dam as well as other gre
18、at projects over the last 100 years5What do many Americans think of technology according to Paragraph 3?AUseful BEffective CDangerous DUndependable答案：D 推理判断题。根据第三段内容，尤其是该段的第一句可知 ，与人类处理复杂问题的能力相比，科技的可靠性令很多美国人担忧。故选 D。6Why do Americans want a human in driverless vehicles?ATo test the new technologyBTo m
19、ake a driverCTo ensure personal safetyDTo entertain the passengers答案：C 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句可知，87%的美国人支持在一辆无人驾驶的汽车里配备一个人来确保人身安全。故选 C。7What did Zuckerberg encourage the students to do?ARefuse self driving vehiclesBCreate new job chancesCFocus on small projectsDFight against robots答案：B 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Zucker
20、berg said young people had better launch (发起 ) projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world ”可知，Zuckerberg 鼓励学生创造新的工作机会。故选 B。8Which of the following would be the best title for the text?ANew Technology Creates More JobsBNew Technology Brings More FairnessCAmeric
21、ans Worry Machines Will Take JobsDRobots Make Work Easy to Do for Workers答案：C 标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段第一、二句可知，本文讲述的是美国人担忧机器将接管现在由人做的工作。C限时 8 分钟Scientists in Britain have managed to teach bumblebees (大黄蜂) to pull strings to get to food and then pass on what they have learned to others in their colony (群体)sh
22、owing a high level of intelligence despite their tiny brainsResearchers at Queen Mary University of London said the experiments, often used to test the intelligence of apes (猿) and birds, showed for the first time that some insects are up to the task, and can also pass skills on through several gene
23、rationsThe findings add to the evidence suggesting the ability for “culture spread”the ability to learn and pass on knowledge and skillsmay not be exclusive to humansIn the research, published in the journal PLOS Biology on Tuesday, the scientists were able to train 23 out of a group of 40 bees to p
24、ull strings with their legs and feetThe strings were attached to discsor artificial “flowers”containing food at their center but placed under a transparent screen The bees, spotting the food beneath the screen, learned to pull the “flowers” out by pulling the string with their legs and feet to be ab
25、le to get to itFrom another group of bees given the chance to solve the task without any training, only two of 110 were successfulAnother group of bees were then allowed to observe the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent of them successfully learned the skill Finally, trained bees were
26、put in colonies, and the scientists found the technique spread successfully to a majority of the colonys worker beesLars Chittka, a Queen Mary University professor who guided the project, said the team is interested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees learning and teaching skills9Wha
27、t does the underlined word “exclusive” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? AUnique BOrdinaryCWidespread DBeneficial答案：A 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“showed for the first time that some insects are up to the task, and can also pass skills on through several generations”可知，大黄蜂也具有学习并传播所学技能的能力，结合第三段可知，调查结果增加了证据表明大黄蜂所具有的“文化传
28、播”的能力，并非人类独有。10What did the researchers find about bees? ABees are as clever as birds BBees learn best in insectsCBees can be trained to learn skillsDBees are born good learners答案：C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“the scientists were able to train 23 out of a group of 40 bees to pull strings with their legs and feet”
29、和第五段第二句中的“learned to pull the flowers out by pulling the string with their legs and feet to be able to get to it”可知，蜜蜂可以通过训练学习技能。11What may the research team focus on next? AWhere bees learn skills BWhat else bees can doCHow bees brain works DHow bees teach others答案：C 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句中的“the team is in
30、terested in figuring out the brain processes behind the bees learning and teaching skills”可知，该小组感兴趣的是弄清楚蜜蜂学习和教学技能背后的大脑活动过程，所以研究小组下一步可能关注蜜蜂的大脑是如何工作的。12What may be the best title for the text? ABees Can Learn and TeachBSmall Bees, Great AbilitiesCLet Bees LearnDBees Are Smarter答案：A 标题判断题。结合全文尤其是第一段可知
31、，文章主要介绍一项科学发现，大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能。D限时 7 分钟“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you？” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at University of Edinburgh “There is certainly a lot of energy
32、in waves， ” he said Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean “The wind starts out by making little ripples (涟漪), but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves， ” Taylor said “Waves are
33、 one of natures ways of picking_up energy and then sending it off on a journey ” When waves come toward the shore, people can set up dams to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine (涡轮机) The turbine can then power an electrical generator to produce electricity“The resource
34、 is huge， ” said Janet Swain of the Worldwatch Institute “We will never run out of wave power ” Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil or coal Oceans cover three quarters of the Earths surfacethat would make wave power seem ideal for creating ene
35、rgy throughout the world, though there are some weak points yet to overcomeSwain said that wave power still costs too much money She also said that its effects on sea animals are still unknown What is more, wave power could affect fishing and boat traffic Traditional sources of energy like oil and g
36、as may someday run out “Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is rising rapidly throughout the world， ” Swain said In the future when you turn on a light, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!13The writer uses the two questions at t
37、he beginning of the passage to _Atest the readers knowledge about wavesBdraw the readers attention to the topicCshow Jamie Taylors importanceDinvite the readers to answer them答案：B 推理判断题。作者在问题后谈到了波浪能源的相关内容，所以文章开头的两个问句是为了引起读者的注意，从而引出文章主题。故选 B。14The underlined phrase “picking up” is closest in meaning
38、to “_”Astarting again Bspeeding upCimproving Dgathering答案：D 词义猜测题。本句中的“and then sending it off on a journey”是关键信息，it 指代 energy, send off 意为“把发散出去” ，由此可知，前一动作是收集能源的过程。故 picking up 在此意为“收集” ，与 gathering 同义。故选 D。15It can be inferred that someday we might not worry about _Aour power supply Bour boat tra
39、fficCair pollution Dour supply of sea fish答案：A 细节理解题。由第二段前两句可知，资源很庞大 ，所以将来终有一天我们不必再为电力供应担忧。never run out of “永远不会用完”是关键信息。故选 A。16We can make better use of wave energy if we _Ashorten its journey to thousands of homesBbuild more small power stations on the oceansCreduce the cost of turning it into el
40、ectric powerDquicken the steps of producing electricity答案：C 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Swain said that wave power still costs too much money ”可知 ，波浪能源仍耗资很多 。由此可知，如果我们能降低波浪能源的发电成本，我们将会更好地利用波浪能源。故选 C。A限时 8 分钟(2019成都市高中毕业班摸底测试)As evolution tends to remove waste， how come we evolved such large, energyconsuming brai
41、ns? The dominant hypothesis (假设 ) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force But our new study done in an unusual way shows that human brain expansion is likely driven by ecology (生态) Scientists have tested the ecological and social hypotheses before The common approach is to look
42、 at many species and investigate whether large brains are associated with specific problems For example, do primates or other animals with large brains have a diet that is challenging to find but nutritionally rewarding? This would indicate an ecological origin Or do they live in large groups where
43、they face lots of social problems? While many studies have found such associations, there is a problem It cannot tell whether large brains evolved to solve the difficult problems or whether they evolved for other reasons and then enabled their bearers to deal with the hard problemsTo find out the ca
44、uses of brain expansion, we recreated the scenarios (可能出现的情况) of the two hypotheses using a mathematical model We found that a combination of ecological and social challenges do produce the brain size we see in humans But it was ecological challenges that expanded brains In contrast to the dominant
45、view and our own expectation, we found that social challenges contributed by decreasing brain size But you need both factors to get the brain size we see todayif there were no social challenges our brains would have been even larger but likely poorly suited to social life Bigger isnt necessarily bet
46、terBut many animals face hard ecological problems Why dont they all have large brains? We found that ecological problems only lead to humansized brains when individuals can keep learning hard skills as they grow So our results and those of others suggest that hard ecology and the accumulation of cul
47、tural knowledge could act together to produce a humansized brainWill the human brain expand further? The complexity of the systems involved makes it impossible to say much with certainty at present1In most peoples view, what makes human evolve large brains?ASocial challengesBSocial and ecological ch
48、allengesCEcological challenges DCompetition with other large animals答案：A 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“The dominant hypothesis (假设) suggests that tough social interactions are the driving force ”并结合第一段内容可知，大部分人认为棘手的社会交往活动是人类大脑进化的动力，故 A 项正确。2Whats the problem of the common approach?AIts model is not reliable enough BIt doesnt tell the cause and effect clearlyCIts hypothesis cannot be proved effectivelyDIt doesnt find brain size is connected with problems答案：B 细节理解题。根据第三段第
