1、Unit 2 Cloning,Look at the sentences. The phrase and clause underlined are used as appositive (同位语).,1. Although Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. 2. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.,Discovering useful structures,1.
2、 同位语 the Appositive同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。,语法精解(一),同位语的表现形式有以下几种： (1) 名词Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词I myself will do the experiment. (3) 数词She is the oldest among them six.,(4) 从句He told me the news that the plane had exploded. 他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。 (5) 由such
3、 as, that is引导Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. 某些学科, 例如数学和物理, 是很难学的。,(6) 由of引导The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000. 自从2000年以来, 北京市发生了很大的变化。,(7) 由or引导The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under o
4、rdinary pressure. 结冰温度即冰点, 是水在常压下结冰时的温度。,1. There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. A. what B. if C. how D. that,考例回顾,点拨 答案为D。that引导同位语从句，说明evidence的具体内容。,2. When the news came _ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army. A. since B. which C.
5、 that D. because,点拨 答案为C。news与同位语从句分隔开，that引导的同位语从句说明news的具体内容。,3. Is there any possibility _ you could pick me up at the airport? No problem. （浙江2009）A. when B. that C. whether D. what,点拨答案为B。that引导同位语从句，说明possibility的具体内容。,4. We should consider the students request _ the school library provide mor
6、e books on popular science. （重庆2009）A. that B. when C. which D. where,点拨 答案为A。that引导同位语从句，说明request的具体内容，从句的谓语用虚拟语气。,2. 同位语从句the Appositive clause (1) 同位语从句的定义在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。,语法精解(二),它一般放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, pr
7、omise, question等名词的后面, 对前面的名词作进一步的解释, 说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词that, 连接副词how, when, where, whether, what等。,e.g. The hope that he may recover is not gone yet.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.I have no idea when he will come back.,同位语从句有时被别的词把它和名词隔开：,注意:,The s
8、tory goes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow.Word came that their team had won.,(2) 同位语从句的表现形式: 由that引导The fact that you dont have enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable.The hope that he may come here is not gone yet.,The news that he has been elected president of the United
9、States is true.The truth that heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to all.The problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists., 由whether引导The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed. 由when引导I have no idea when th
10、ey will go.,(3) 有时可用namely (即), that is to say (也就是说), in other words (换句话说), that is(那就是), for example等引出同位语, 说明其前面的名词或代词。有时同位语直接跟在名词或代词的后面。,He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practice more.Altogether Dolly had li
11、ved for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.,(4) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别:同位语从句与定语从句在使用中常常混淆, 我们可以从以下几个方面区别它们: 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词;定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。, 同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系；定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。, 同位语从句主要由连接词that引导, 有时也可用when, where, who, whether等引导; 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。T
12、hen he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed.Do you know the place where he was born?, 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略;引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。The news that he has been elected monitor of our class is true.The news (that) he told me is exciting., 同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完整句子, 谓语动词用be的不同形式。He heard the ne
13、ws that their team had won.此句可以变为一个表语从句:The news was that their team had won.,1. Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many diseases. A. what B. which C. that D. where,点拨 答案为C。that引导同位语从句，说明evidence的具体内容，that在从句中不作任何成分。,考例回顾,考点二：同位语从句与定语从句的区别,2. The old town has narrow street
14、s and small houses _ are built close to each other. （山东2011）A. they B. whereC. what D. that,点拨 答案为D。that引导定语从句, 修饰先行词houses, that在从句中作主语。,区别下列句子哪些是同位语从句, 哪些是 定语从句。 1. The fact that Great Britain is made up of three parts is known to many.2. The news that is spreading around the airport is that a hea
15、vy storm is coming.,同位语从句,定语从句,3. The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.,同位语从句,4. The state that consists of three countries is developing very fast.,定语从句,5. The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical. 6. Th
16、e news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.,同位语从句,定语从句,1. Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet./The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.,The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,把下面两个句子连成一个含同
17、位语从句的复合句。,课堂练习,2. The Queen of England was on a four-day visit in China./We heard the news last night.,We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a four-day visit in china.,3. Teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online. /Many Chinese parents hold the view.,Many Chinese parents
18、hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online.,4. Time travel is possible./We have no scientific proof for the idea.,We have no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible.,5. Students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people.,The su
19、ggestion that students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people.,6. We dont think you two have met before.我们想你们两位以前没有见过面。(宾语从句),翻译句子,并说明这个名词性从句的作用。,7. It is certain that John will do well in his exam.约翰肯定会考好。(主语从句) 8. Whether they are coming or not dont matter too much.他们来不来无关紧要。(主语
20、从句),9. Now is when we need him most.现在是我们最需要他的时候。(表语从句) 10. I have no idea how she got through the forest.我不知道她是如何穿过那个森林的。(同位语从句),11. The fact that they won the prize made us happy.他们获奖的事实令我们高兴。(同位语从句),用适当的连接代词或连接副词填空。 12. I cant decide _ book I should buy. 13. China is no longer _ it used to be. 14
21、. I am very interested in _ he improved his English in such a short time. 15. _ we need is more money.,which,what,how,What,16. The truth _ the earth turns around the sun is known to us. 17. _ and _ we will meet has not been decided yet.,that,When,where,用名词性从句完成下列句子。 18. The news _ _ (她通过了高考) is exci
22、ting. 19. Mike made a promise _ _ (他将帮助我学习英语),that she has passed the national college entrance examination,that he would help me with my English.,指出划线部分是什么从句。 20. The fact that Great Britain is made up three countries is known to us.21. The continent that consists of two countries is developing very fast.,(同位语从句),(定语从句),22. The news that the plane will take off on time makes everybody happy.23. The news that is spreading around the country is that a heavy storm is coming.,(同位语从句),(定语从句, 表语从句),24. The suggestion that we should learn something practical is worth considering.,(同位语从句),
