1、2022 年中考英语复习专题年中考英语复习专题 12：动词语态精讲动词语态精讲 【考点】主动语态和被动语态的区别与使用，特别是一般现在时、一般过去时和含有情态动词的被动语态。 动词的语态是表示句子主语与谓语动词之间关系的一种动词形式。英语中的动词语态有两种：主动语英语中的动词语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态态和被动语态。主动语态表示的主语是动作的执行者或发出者，被动语态表示的主语是动作的承受者。 【精讲【精讲 01】被动语态的构成被动语态的构成 一般现在时：一般现在时：am / is / are + 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 一般过去时：一般过去时：was / were + 及物动词
2、的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 一般将来时：一般将来时：will / shall be + 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 现在完成时：现在完成时：have / has been + 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 现在进行时：现在进行时：am / is / are being + 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 过去完成时：过去完成时：had been + 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 如： You are wanted on the phone. 有你的电话。 China was liberated in 1949. 1949 年中国解放。 The problem
3、will be discussed tomorrow. 明天将对这个问题进行讨论。 Not a book in the library has been taken away. 图书馆里没有一本书被人拿走。 My bike is being repaired. 我的自行车正在修理。 The book had been borrowed when I got to the library. 我到了图书馆时,那本书已经借出去了。 【被动语态的构成】 时态时态 被动语态被动语态 例句例句 一般现在时一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时 am/is/are+动词的过去分词 The flowers are
4、often watered by her. was/were+动词的过去分词 A farm was visited yesterday by us 一般将来时一般将来时 will/shall + be+动词的过去分词 Some trees will be planted this week by her. 现在进行时现在进行时 am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词 A novel is being read by him. 现在完成时现在完成时 have/has been+动词的过去分词 His rooms have been cleaned by him. 过去进行时过去进行时 w
5、as/were being+动词的过去分词 His rooms were being cleaned by him then. 过去完成时过去完成时 had been+动词的过去分词 His rooms had been cleaned by him then. 过去将来时过去将来时 would/should be+动词的过去分词 His rooms would be cleaned by him the next day. 含情态动词含情态动词 情态动词+be+动词的过去分词 Your homework must be finished in time. 【精讲【精讲 02】主动语态与被动语
6、态的转换】主动语态与被动语态的转换 （1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 （2）把谓语变成被动结构（be过去分词） ，根据被动语态句子里主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定 be 的形式。 （3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a
7、 tree. A tree was cut down by him. 【精讲【精讲 03】其他特殊形式其他特殊形式的被动语态的被动语态 含有双宾语的主动语态变为被动语态含有双宾语的主动语态变为被动语态 主动语态: 主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接、直接宾语 + 其他 被动语态: 间接宾语 + be + 过去分词 + 直接宾语 + 其他(比较常用) 或:直接宾语 + be + 过去分词 + 介词(for / to) + 间接宾语 + 其他 如： My father gave me a new book on my birthday. I was given a new book on my birt
8、hday (by my father). 或 A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father). 我的父亲在我的生日那天给我买了一本新书。 含有短语动词的主动语态变为被动语态含有短语动词的主动语态变为被动语态 有些相当于及物动词的短语动词相当于及物动词的短语动词,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可用于被动语态,但要把它们看作一看作一个整体个整体,不能分开不能分开。如： She looks after her grandmother. Her grandmother is looked after (by her). 她照顾她
9、的祖母。 带有复合宾语的主动语态变为被动语态带有复合宾语的主动语态变为被动语态 只把宾语变为被动语态宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动宾语补足语不动。如： His teacher found him a very good pupil. He was found a very good pupil by his teacher. 他的老师发现他是一个很好的学生。 【特殊特殊语态总结】 种类种类 构成构成 例句例句 主动语态中 省去 to 的动词 变为被动语态时， 省去的 to 要加上。 The workers were made to work 12 hours a day. 含双宾
10、语的动词 把指人的宾语变为主语时， 指物的宾语仍保留在谓语之后； 指物的宾语变为主语时， 指人的宾语前要加相应的介词。 I was given a present. A present was given to me. 含短语的动词 短语是“动词+介词”或“动词+副词”时，变被动语态时，介词、副词不能丢。 The young man was sent away from school. 【注意】 有些及物动词如 have(有),reach, cost 等,以及连系动词如 smell, taste, sound, feel 等,不用于被动语态不用于被动语态。如： 【误】 Five dollars
11、 is cost by this book. 【正】 This book costs five dollars. 书花费了 5 元。 【误】 The food is tasted nice. 【正】 The food tastes nice. 食物尝起来挺好。 move, lock, shut, open等作不及物动词与cant, wont等连用时,以及如read, write, wash, clean等作不及物动词与 well, easily 等副词连用时,已含有被动意义已含有被动意义,因此形式上不再采用被动结构因此形式上不再采用被动结构。如： The door wont open. 门不能
12、开了。 The clothes wash well. 衣服洗好了。 【真题范例真题范例】 1 （2021 广西中考真题）All customers _ to take their temperatures when they enter the supermarket. Ais asked Bwas asked Care asked Dwere asked 【答案】C 【详解】句意：所有顾客进入超市时都被要求量体温。考查一般现在时被动语态。主语 all customers 与动词ask 之间是被动关系， 且根据“enter”可知， 句子用一般现在时， 故此处应填一般现在时被动语态 is/am/
13、are done的结构，故选 C。 2 （2021 吉林中考真题）China Panda Train from Chengdu to Zunyi _ to use on March 28, 202l. Ais put Bwas put Cwill be put Dputs 【答案】B 【详解】句意：从成都到遵义的中国熊猫专列于 2021 年 3 月 28 日投入使用。考一般过去时被动语态。主语 China Panda Train 与动词 put 之间是被动关系，且“March 28, 2021”是一般过去时的标志词，故此空应填一般过去时被动语态 was/were done 的结构，故 B。 3
14、（2021 江苏中考真题） Good news! The Underground Line 1 in Nantong _ to come into service soon. Thats great! Transport will become much easier for us. Awill be expected Bis expected Cexpects Dis expecting 【答案】B 【详解】句意：好消息！南通地铁一号线预计很快就会投入使用。太棒了！对我们来说，交通将变得容易得多。考查被动语态和时态。句子主语与动词之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，排除 C/D 选项；此处应用一般
15、现在时表示将来，故选 B。 4 （2021 黑龙江中考真题）Some new airports _ in the west of our country. It will save our time to go there. Abuild Bwill build Cwill be built 【答案】C 【详解】句意：我国西部将修建一些新机场。 去那里会节省我们的时间。 考查一般将来时的被动语态。根据“It will save”可知此处讲述的是将来的动作，主语 airports 与动词 build 之间是被动关系，表示“将被建”用 will be built。故选 C。 5 （2020 湖北中
16、考真题）Do you need any help? No, thanks. We _ a lot of support since last year. Ahave offered Bhave been offered Cwere offered Dwere offering 【答案】B 【详解】句意：你需要帮助吗？不，谢谢。自去年以来，我们得到了许多支持。 考查现在完成时的被动语态。 offer 提供。 have offered 现在完成时； have been offered 现在完成时的被动语态；were offered 一般过去时的被动语态；were offering 过去进行时。主语
17、“We”与动词 offer 之间是动宾关系，此处用被动语态， 结合题干中“since last year”可知要用现在完成时。 现在完成时的被动语态结构为 have/has been offered。故选 B。 6 （2021 贵州）No matter how many difficulties we have, I believe all the problems can _ in the end. Asolve Bbe solved Canswer Dbe answered 【答案】B 【详解】句意为：无论我们将遇到多少困难，我相信最终所有的问题都会得到解决。 考查被动语态和动词辨析。so
18、lve 解决；answer 回答；根据句意可知，此处指的是问题会解决，句子主语problems 与动词 solve 之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，应用被动语态，此处是情态动词的被动，结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”，故选 B。 7 （2021 湖北中考真题）How long may I _ your magazine? For one week. But it mustnt _ to others. Aborrow; lend Bkeep; be lent Clend; be borrowed Dhave; lend 【答案】B 【详解】句意：我能借你的字典多长时间？一周。但是你不能把它借给其他
19、人。 考查动词辨析。borrow 借，是瞬间性动词，不能和一段时间搭配使用；keep 保存，保持，是延续性动词；lend 借给，瞬间性动词；have 拥有。根据第一句话中 How long 可知，表示一段时间，要与延续性动词一起连用，排除 AC。主语 it 是动作 lend 的承受者，用被动语态，故选 B。 8 （2019 四川中考真题）Where will the 2022 Winter Olympics_，Cindy？ In Beijing， the capital of China，the first city to host both Summer and Winter Olympic
20、s Abe taken place Btake place Ctake part Dbe taken part 【答案】B 【详解】句意：2022 年冬季奥运会将在哪里举行,辛迪?北京，中国的首都，第一个同时举办夏季和冬季奥运会的城市。 考查动词语态辨析。take part in 参加；take place 举行/发生，没有被动语态。根据句意语境，可知 take place符合句意，需用主动形式表被动意义，故选 B。 9（2021 天津中考真题） The Monkey King is a traditional Chinese cartoon hero. Today, he _ by peop
21、le of all ages. Awill love Bwas loved Cis loved Dwill be loved 【答案】C 【详解】句意：孙悟空是中国传统的卡通英雄。今天，他受到了各年龄段人们的喜爱。 考查一般现在时被动语态。主语 he 与动词 love 之间是被动关系，根据“today”可知，此空应填一般现在时被动语态 am/is/are done 的结构，故选 C。 10 （2017 天津中考真题）Lets wait and see whether books by the Internet in the future. Areplace . BReplaced Cwill be replaced . Dwere replaced 【答案】C 【解析】句意：让咱们等着看看在未来书是否被因特网所取代。考查动词的被动语态。A. replace 一般现在时；B. replaced 一般过去式；C. will be replaced 一般将来时的被动语态；D. were replaced 过去式的被动语态。根据句中的 in the future，该题是一般将来时；其次 books 与 replace 之间是被动关系，因此本题是一般将来时的被动语态。故选 C。
