1、第第 6 6 章章 动词概说动词概说 在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语，说明主语“是什么”或做什么”。 例：I am his elder sister. 我是他的姐姐。 You study English. 你学习英语。 The sun is red. 太阳(是)红(的)。 例句中的 am， study， is 是动词， study 担当句子中的谓语。am，is 和后 面的表语一起担当谓语。在英语中，句子的构造是主语后面连接着动词。这和中 文的结构大致相同。 英语：英语：I am his elder sister. 中文：我中文：我是是他的姐姐。他的姐姐。 中文可以说“太阳红”、 “
2、这本书好”、 “我们的教室大”， 因为中文中“红”、 “大”、 “好”等可以用作谓语。但英语中，red，big，good 等不能作动词，一般只作形容 词用。所以在英语中这些句子分别是： The sun is red. 太阳红。 The book is good. 这本书好。 Our classroom is big. 我们的教室大。 动词是一个句子的重心，因此从动词的变化，可以看出该句是现在时或过去 时。所以了解动词的时态，在英语学习上相当重要。 1) 动词的种类动词的种类 动词可以分为以下五类： 类别(英语缩写) 特点 举例 及物动词(vt.) 跟宾语 We love our country
3、. 不及物动词(vi.) 不跟宾语 Classes begin. 系动词(link-v.) 跟表语 Im a student. 助动词(aux.v.) 跟动词原形或分词 (无特殊意思) I have had my breakfast. 情态动词(mod.v.) 跟动词原形 (有说话者的意思) He must study hard. 2) 短语动词短语动词 动词加一个(或两个)介词或副词构成词组后，在意义上和原来的动词不同，这种 词组叫短语运词或动词成语(成语动词)。英语里这种词组很多，而且非常有用。 以下例子摘自初级中学教科书内文。 be about 大约 be at 在 be behind
4、在后面 be from 从来，出生于某地，出生于家庭 be good at 在擅长 be in 在里面 be on 在上面 be over there 在那边 be under 在下边 begin with 以为开始 catch up with 赶上 climb up 爬上去 come back 回来 come down (a ladder) 爬下(梯子) come from 来自 come here 过来 come in 进来 come on 加油 come out 开花 come round 来，前来 come up (a ladder) 爬上(梯子) cross our 划叉 do wi
5、th something 处理 excuse me 请原谅 fall behind 落后 fight about 为而斗争 find out 弄清楚 fly away 飞走 fly up 高飞 get back 回来，回到 get into (the lift ,car) 进电梯(上小汽车) get off the bus 下公共汽车 get on the bus 上公共汽车 get out of ( the lift ,car) 从(电梯、小汽车)中出来 go along (something) 沿着走 go down 下去 go home 回家 go on doing sth. 继续做某事
6、 go to work 上班 go up 上去 grow up 长大 hear of 听说 hold on (for a moment) 请稍等一下(打电话用语) jump into 跳入 laugh at 笑某人 learn from 向某人学习 listen to 听，注意听 look after 照顾，关照 look around 四处看 look at 看 look for 寻找 look in 仔细查看 look like 看起来像 look over 检查(查看，医师看病人时用) look young 看起来年轻 make telephone calls to somebody 给
7、某人打电话 move away 移走 pass on to 传递某物给某人 pass on 传递某物 pay for 为付钱 pick up 拾起来 point at 指向 pull up 拉上来 put on (the suit ,a cap)穿衣服，戴帽子 sell out 卖完了(卖光了) send for 派人去请 send up 射出，发送 sit down 坐下 stand up 起立 take off (the sweater) 脱掉(绒衣) take out something 拿出 talk about (something) 谈论某事 talk to (somebody)
8、跟某人谈话 thanks to 多亏了，由于，因为 turn off (the radio, gas ,TV) 关上(收音机、煤气、电视) turn on (the radio ,gas ,TV) 打开(收音机、煤气、电视) turn round 转身 turn to 翻到页，转向 wait for 等待 wake up 醒来 work hard 努力工作 worry about为而担心 write down 写下来 3) 动词的基本形式动词的基本形式 动词有四种基本形式：动词原形(即前面不加 to 的动词不定式形式)、过去式、过 去分词和现在分词。 1.动词的过去式及过去分词的构成 a.规则
9、动词的变化 构成法 例词 一般加-ed workworked，worked 以 e 结尾的词加-d livelived,lived 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，改 y 为 i 再加-ed studystudied,studied crycried,cried 以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接加-ed playpayed,played 以重读闭音节或 r 音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 的词。要双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed stopstoped,stopped preferpreferred,preferred 注意 词尾-ed 在清辅音后读t，在元音和浊辅音后读d，在辅音 t，d 后读id。
10、b.不规则动词的变化() 2.动词的现在分词的构成 构成法 例词 一般加-ing workworking studystudying 以 e 结尾的词去 e 加-ing liveliving 以重读闭音节或 r 音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双 写这个辅音字母，再加-ing stopstopping referreferring 以 ie 为结尾的重读开音节的词，改 ie 为 y，再加-ing diedying 注意 以 y 结尾的动词变为现在分词时，y 不变，直接加上 ing。 如：playing，studying。 4) 动词的时态动词的时态 1.时态概述 作谓语的动词用来表示动作
11、(情况)发生时间的各种形式称为时态。而英语的时 态，对我国学生来说，是相当困难的一个语法项目。原因之一是，中文动词和英 语动词不一样。 2.英语动词十二种时态的形式 一般语法书列出的英语动词十二种时态为：“现在”、“过去”、“将来”三大类，每 类中又分为“一般”、“进行”、“完成”、“完成进行”四种，共十二种。现以 study 为例，列表如下： 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 现 在 I study. You study. He studies. We study. They study. I am studying. You are studying. He is studying. W
12、e are studying They are studying. I have studied. You have studied. He has studied. We have studied. They have studied. I have been studying. You have been studying. He has been studying. We have been studying. They have been studying. 过 去 I studied. You studied. He studied. I was studying. You were
13、 studying. I has studied. You had studied. He had studied. I had been studying. You had been studying. He had been studying. We studied. They studied. He was studying. We were studying. They were studying. We had studied. They had studied. We had been studying. They had been studying. 将 来 I shall st
14、udy. You will study. He will study. We shall study. They will study. I shall be studying. You will be studying. He will be studying. We shall be studying. They will be studying. I shall have studied. You will have studied. He will have studied. We shall have studied. They will have studied. I shall
15、have been studying. You will have been studying. He will have been studying. We shall have been studying. They will have been studying. 没有时态形式的变化。也就是说，中文动词不是用词形的变化，而是用特定的词 语，例如，“现在”、“将来”、“过去”、“正在”、“经常”、“了”、“过”、“已经”等来 说明一个动作发生的时间，而动词本身并无变化。在英语中，则用动词本身的词 形变化或加助动词表示动作的时间。 中文：他每天看报纸。 英语：He reads newspap
16、ers every day. 中文：他昨天看过了这张报纸。 英语：He read the newspaper yesterday. 中文：他明天看这张报纸。 英语：He will read the newspaper tomorrow. 中文：他正在看报纸。 英语：He is reading the newspaper now. 中文：他已经看完了这张报纸。 英语：He has read the newspaper. 注意 最常用的时态有五个，即一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和 现在完成时。必须熟记这些时态的构成，在下面五章中，将分别讲述各种时态的 用法。 动词的不规则变化表动
17、词的不规则变化表 现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在式 过去式 过去分词 beat 打， 敲 beat beaten leave 离开 left left become 成 为 became become lend 借出 lent lent begin 开 始 began begun let 让 let let bite 咬 bit bitten / bit lie 躺下 lay lost lain blow 吹 blew blown lose 遗失 lost lost break 打 破 broke broken make 做 made made bring 携带 brought brought
18、 meet 遇 met met build 建造 built built pay 支付 paid paid burn 燃烧 burned / burnt burned / burnt read 读 read read buy 买 bought bought rise 上升 rose risen catch 捉 caught caught run 跑 ran run choose 选 择 chose chosen say 说 said said come 来 came come see 看见 saw seen drink 喝 drank drunk sell 售 sold sold drive
19、驾驶 drove driven send 送 sent sent eat 吃 ate eaten shine 照耀 shone / shined shone / shined fall 落下 fell fallen shoot 发射 shot shot feed 喂 fed fed sing 唱歌 sang sung feel 觉得 felt felt sit 坐下 sat sat fight 打架 fought fought sleep 睡觉 slept slept find 找 found found smell 嗅 smelt / smelled smelt / smelled fly
20、飞 flew flown speak 说 spoke spoken forget 忘 记 forgot forgotten / forgot spell 拼字 spelt / spelled spelt / spelled forgive 原 谅 forgave forgiven spend 花费 spent spent get 获得 got gotten / got stand 站立 stood stood give 给 gave given steal 偷窃 stole stolen go 去 went gone sweep 扫除 swept swept grow 生长 grew grow
21、n swim 游泳 swam swum hang 挂 hung hung swing 摇摆 swung swung hear 听 heard heard take 取 took take hit 击 hit hit teach 教 taught taught hold 持 held held tear 撕 tore torn hurt 伤害 hurt hurt tell 告诉 told told keep 保持 kept kept think 想 thought thought know 知 道 knew known throw 投 threw thrown lay 放置 laid laid
22、understand 了 解 understood understood lead 引导 led led wear 穿 won won learn 学习 learned / learnt learned / learnt win 赢 wrote written write 写 动词动词 练习题练习题 1. Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop. A. is B. been C. be D. being 【答案】D 【解析】 句意： 农业是这个国家财富主
23、要的来源， 其中小麦是最主要的谷类作物。 这是一个独立主格结构。wheat 前用逗号，且没有连词，表示这一句起补充说明 的作用，该空不能用动词的形式，则 being 为唯一之选。 2. Jack _ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. A. has been missing B. has been missed C. had been missing D. was missed 【答案】A 【解析】句意：到目前为止，杰克已经失踪两天了，我开始担心他的安全。由句 中时间状语for so
24、me time now可知， 这里要用现在完成时； 选项 A 为现在完成 进行时，表示动作从过去某一时间一直持续到现在，故为正确答案。 3. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprised C. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised 【答案】A 【解析】句意：如果昨天没有提前通知你，我就来了，你会觉得奇怪吗？这是一 个错综时间条件句。条件从句表
25、示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间是不一 致的，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。 4. If not _ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated 【答案】B 【解析】句意：如果没有受到他觉得应得的尊敬，杰克的脾气就会变得很坏，并 且不停地抱怨条件。 状语从句中的主语和谓语动词被省略了，全句应为 If (Jack is)
26、 not treated.故选项 B 为正确答案。 5. It was suggested that all government ministers should _ information on their financial interests. A. discover B. uncover C. tell D. disclose 【答案】D 【解析】句意：所有的部长都得公开关于他们财政税收的信息。disclose 意为 to make known publicly，(公开的)说出，透露；而 discover 意为发现；uncover 意为揭露，发现，与 discover 意思接近。故选
27、项 D 为正确答案。 6. As my exams are coming next week, Ill take advantage of the weekend to _ on some reading. A. catch up B. clear up C. make up D. pick up 【答案】D 【解析】句意：下星期就要考试了，周末我会抽时间赶做些阅读。catch up(on) 赶上(进度)； 而选项 B, C, D 都不能和 on 搭配， clear up 意为解释； 整理； make up 意为捏造；pick up 意为获得。由此可知，选项 D 为正确答案。 7. Mary
28、hopes to be _ from hospital next week. A. dismissed B. discharged C. expelled D. resigned 【答案】B 【解析】句意：玛丽希望下星期出院。discharge 意为离开，放(某人)走；而 dismiss 意为派遣，解散；expel 意为抵制；resign 意为辞职。 根据句意， 选项 B 为正确答案。 8. Jimmy earns his living by _ works of art in the museum. A. recovering B. restoring C. renewing D. revi
29、ving 【答案】B 【解析】句意：吉米靠修复在博物馆的艺术品来度日。restore 意为(使)恢复原 样，修复(健康，家具，艺术品)：而 recover 意为康复，renew 意为翻新， 更新，revive 意为复活，再流行，根据句意，选项 B 为正确答案。 9. I couldnt sleep last night because the tap in the bathroom was _. A. draining B. dropping C. spilling D. dripping 【答案】D 【解析】句意：浴室水龙头的滴水声使我昨夜无法入眠。drip 意为滴水；drain 意为排水，spill 意为涌出，益出，。因此 D 项是正确答案。 10. He plays tennis to the _ of all other sports. A. eradication B. exclusion C. extension D. inclusion 【答案】B 【解析】句意：他只打网球，其它的体育项目一律不参加。to the exclusion of 意 为把排斥在外； 而选项 A, C, D 都没有这种搭配用法。 因此 B 项是正确答案。
