1、专题六 非谓语动词,考向分析 非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词,是重要的语法 项目之一,也是每年高考的必考点。在语法填空题中,针对非谓语动词 的考查主要集中在非谓语动词作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等,而 短文改错针对非谓语动词的考查主要以非谓语动词作宾语、定语、状 语等为重点。,考点清单 非谓语动词的基本结构与句法功能,一、非谓语动词作主语 单句填空 1.(2017江西九江十校二次联考) But conservationists say that making (make) ivory legal to sell would lead to even more illegal
2、 hunting. 答案 making 句意:但自然环境保护主义者说使象牙出售合法化会导 致甚至更多的非法捕猎。设空处作宾语从句的主语,表达的内容并非指 某一次的具体行为,故用动名词形式作主语。因此填making。,用法精讲,2.As time is pressing, I think taking/to take (take) a taxi is the best way to get from here to the conference centre. 答案 taking/to take 此处为动名词或不定式在从句中作主语。 3.It is not necessary to bargai
3、n (bargain) on this small amount. 答案 to bargain “It+is+形容词+to do sth.”为常用句式,It为形式主 语,真正的主语是不定式短语。 单句改错 4.Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and din- ner, which might not be served until 8 oclock at night. HaveHaving 答案 HaveHaving provides是主句的谓语动词,Having tea.是动名 词短语作主语,故Ha
4、ve应改为动名词形式。,动名词和不定式作主语时的区别: 1.不定式、动名词都可作主语,但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的 动作,可以是多次的、经常性的行为;不定式作主语多表示具体的动作, 尤其是某一次的动作。 2.下列句型中常用动名词作主语。,用法精讲,It is/was+ +doing sth.,It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。 3.下列句型中常用不定式作主语。 It+be+名词+to do sth. It takes/took sb.+some time+to do sth. It+be+diffic
5、ult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary.+for sb.+to do sth. It+be+careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,silly,stupid,wise.+ of sb. to do sth. Its our duty to take good care of the old.照顾好老人是我们的责任。,How long did it take you to finish the work?你花了多长时间来完成这项 工作? It is difficult for us to fin
6、ish writing the composition in an hour.我们难以 在一小时内完成这篇作文。 It is stupid of you to write down everything (that)the teacher says.你把老 师说的所有东西都记下来是很愚蠢的。,二、非谓语动词作宾语 单句填空 1.(2017全国卷)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by eating (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their di
7、et. 答案 eating 介词by之后接名词、代词、动名词作宾语,故空格处填 eating。 2.(2017福建龙岩五校期中)Very often, opportunities come quietly and go by without being noticed (notice). 答案 being noticed 句意:机会常常是悄无声息地来,又默默而去。介 词(without)后需用动名词作宾语;主语与notice之间为逻辑上的被动关 系,故用being noticed。,语境运用,3.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the dri
8、ver, but he refused to stop (stop) until we reached the next stop. 答案 to stop refuse之后接不定式作宾语,故空格处填to stop。,(一)下列动词一般用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀: 决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。 decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend; offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。 She pretende
9、d not to see me when I passed by. 当我经过时,她假装没看见我。 We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. 我们约好了在这里见面,但是她到现在还没有露面。,用法精讲,此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。 (二)下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀: 考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。 避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。 consider,suggest/advise,look forw
10、ard to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off, fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/ap- preciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,es- cape。 (三)接动名词作宾语的短语或句式: be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get,down to,pay attention to,c
11、ant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on, be busy,have difficulty(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time (in),how/what about., There is no sense in.。 (四)形式宾语it: 当不定式作宾语时,如果后有形容词或名词作宾补,常用it作形式宾语, 而真正的宾语需要后置,放在宾补之后,即“主语+consider/think/find/ feel/make/believe+it+adj./n.+to do sth.”。,三、非谓
12、语动词作定语 单句填空 1.Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent (spend) with his students. 答案 spent 句意:Jim已经退休了,但是他依然记得和他的学生们度过 的快乐时光。空格处作the happy time的后置定语,且表示被动完成,故 空格处填过去分词spent。 2.The airport to be completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 答案 to be comple
13、ted 空格处在句中作名词airport的后置定语,且二 者是逻辑上的被动关系,动作是将来的,故应用不定式的被动形式。,语境运用,3.There are many different ways to spend (spend) their spare time. 答案 to spend 名词way之后常接不定式作后置定语。故空格处填to spend。,1.非谓语动词作定语时的区别: 过去分词done常表被动完成;现在分词doing常表主动进行,being done常 表被动进行;不定式to do常表主动将来,to be done常表被动将来。需要 注意的是,不定式的进行式和完成式、现在分词的完
14、成式一般不作定 语。 Id like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.我想让你看 一下2012年在澳大利亚进行的一项研究。 The room is empty except for a bookshelf standing in one corner.除了一个,用法精讲,书架立在角落,这间屋子空空的。 There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长久停留之前,还有许
15、多问题需 要解决。 2.ability,chance,idea,fact,attempt,moment,way,right等名词后常接不定式 作后置定语。 Do you have the ability to read and write in English? 你具备读写英语的 能力吗? We promise whoever attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.我们承诺给任何出席晚会的人一个与那个影星合影的机 会。,四、非谓语动词作状语 单句填空 1.Many airlines now al
16、low passengers to print their boarding passes online to save (save) their valuable time. 答案 to save 句意:现在很多航空公司允许乘客在网上打印登机证来 节省他们宝贵的时间。考查非谓语动词作状语。设空处表示目的,故用 不定式形式。 2.The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing (allow) more patients to be treated. 答案 allowing 句意:这家医院近期获得了新的医疗设备
17、,这让更多的 病人可以接受治疗。考查非谓语动词作状语。设空处动作与其逻辑主 语之间是主动关系,所以要用v.-ing形式。,语境运用,3. Ordered (order)over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now. 答案 Ordered 句意:这些书一个多星期前就被下订单了,现在预计随 时会到。order与逻辑主语the books之间为被动关系,且动作已经完成, 故答案为Ordered。 4.People probably cooked their food in large pots, using (use)
18、twigs (树 枝) to remove it. 答案 using 逗号后为非谓语动词作方式状语,且与主语是主动关系, 故空格处填现在分词using。,(一)不定式作状语 1.不定式作目的状语 不定式作目的状语的情况较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order或so as,构成“in order to do”或“so as to do”结构。“in order to do”结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;“so as to do”结 构只能放在句中。“in order to do”“so as to do”结构置于句中时,不 能用逗号隔开。 Her mother pla
19、ns to fly to Beijing at least four times a year (so as/in order) to visit her.她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。,用法精讲,Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.鲍勃记 下了我的电话号码以免忘记。 2.不定式作结果状语 不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so.as to;such.as to;.enough to; only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果);too.to等。 Im not so stupid(a f
20、ool) as to write it down. 我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left. 简匆忙赶回来却发现她的母亲已经离开了。(表示“意外或事与愿违 的结果”),(二)分词作状语 分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴 随状况等。为了强调,还可与while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用。 When offered help,one often says “Thank you”or “Its kind of you”. (时间)当被提供帮助的时候
21、,人们常说“Thank you”或“Its kind of you”。 Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.(原因)和其 他大陆分离了数百万年,澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不 到的动植物。 Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side,effec
22、t.(条件) 一般来说,如果按照说明服用,这种药没有副作用。 He glanced at her,noting that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结 果)他不经意地看了一下她,注意到她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。 Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步) 虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。 The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随) 老师进了实验室,
23、后面跟着一些学生。 温馨提示:当不定式在句中作结果状语时,往往是意料之外的结果,而分 词作结果状语时,往往是正常的结果。,五、非谓语动词作补语 单句填空 1.(2017山西重点中学协作体一模)With all the porridge eaten (eat) up, he picked out a shoe and boiled it to eat. 答案 eaten 句意:将粥全部喝光,他挑出了一只鞋将其煮了吃。With 后的宾语porridge与eat为逻辑上的被动关系,且设空处表示完成,故在设 空处填eaten。 2.(2017福建龙岩3月质检)It is in the coldest
24、part of winter, with the wind howling (howl) outside. 答案 howling 句意:那是在冬季最冷的那段时间,风在屋外呼啸着。 with后的宾语wind与宾补howl为逻辑上的主动关系,且设空处表示正在 进行,故填howling。,语境运用,3.As I squeezed back into my car, I saw the same lady looking (look) in at me. 答案 looking 空格处作宾补,且表主动进行,由此结合“see sb./sth. doing”可知,现在分词符合题意。故空格处填looking。
25、 4.They are required to process (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 答案 to process 空格处在句中作主语的补足语,此处为“require sb. to do sth.”的被动形式,即“sb. be required to do sth.”。故空格处填to process。,单句改错 5.(2017全国卷)When summer comes, they will invite their student
26、s pick the fresh vegetables! 在pick前加to 答案 在pick前加to invite sb. to do sth.为常用短语,意为“邀请某人 做某事”。故pick之前加to。,(一)后接动词不定式作宾补的动词: advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,per- mit,persuade,promise,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish。 You are not allowed to smoke here. 这里不允许
27、吸烟。 The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. 医生告诫他不要吃太多的肉。 (二)非谓语动词作感官动词(词组)、使役动词的宾补 1.感官动词(词组)see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel的宾 语补足语有四种形式,以see 为例:,用法精讲,I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成) I heard her singing an English song when I passed by h
28、er room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。(主动,正在进行) I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.,昨天经过她房间时,我听见那个小女孩正在唱一首英文歌。(被动,正在 进行) Id like to see the plan carried out. 我想看到这个计划被执行。(被动,没有一定的时间性) 2.使役动词make,let,have,get,keep后接复合宾语的情况: (1) He made his wor
29、kers work 12 hours a day. 他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。 He tried to make himself understood.,他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚了。 (2) (三)其他接非谓语动词作宾补的词:,技巧点拨 1.对于语篇型填空中非谓语动词的解答,我们首先要通过句子的结 构分析确定设空处是不是非谓语动词,然后根据非谓语动词的用法确定 用具体的某种形式。 如果作主语或表语,就用动名词或不定式形式。如果设空处前有 “for+名词或代词”,设空处用不定式。 如果作定语,要判断该非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的逻辑关系,再根 据不定式、动名词、分词作定语的用法确定设空处
30、所需形式。 如果作宾语,要注意设空处前的词,如是介词(注意有时可能省略介 词),设空处一定是动名词;如是及物动词,要根据非谓语动词作宾语的用 法判断其形式。,如果作目的状语或表示意外结果的结果状语或在形容词后作状语,用 动词不定式。如果作伴随、时间、条件、非意外的结果等状语,要根据 与逻辑主语的关系,确定用现在分词或过去分词。 如果作宾补,首先需弄清设空处与宾语的逻辑关系,如果是主动关系, 答案可能是to do,doing或不带to的不定式;如果是被动关系,答案可能是 being done, to be done或done。 2.对于短文改错试题,考生需在掌握非谓语动词用法的同时,熟记一些固 定搭配,如:have difficulty in doing sth.;be busy doing sth.;let sb. do sth. 等。,
