1、Section_ Grammar 非谓语动词语法图解探究发现It was foolish of you to lie to your teacher.Its no use trying to persuade him to change his mind.Her wish is to go to Tokyo to watch the 2020 Olympic Games.Our work is serving the people.People want to know who Mona Lisa is and why she is smiling.But they looked forwar
2、d, too, by opening new frontiers in the arts.The building being built is a new shopping mall.The bird was lucky and escaped being caught.Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 15031506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece.All things considered, she is the best student in my class.我的发现(1)句中的
3、黑体部分在句中作主语，句中的作表语 ，句中的作宾语。(2)由句可知，动词不定式和动词ing 形式作主语，可以用 it 作形式主语。(3)句中，黑体部分都为动词ing 形式的被动式，在句中分别为 定语和宾语。(4)句中，黑体部分为过去分词在句中作状语；句中，分词作状语时有自己独立的主语，这叫独立主格结构。非谓语动词是指在句中不能充当谓语，而是起其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词) 。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。一、非谓语动词的基本形式时态形式 主动式 被动式一般式 to do to be done完成式 to have
4、 done to have been done不定式进行式 to be doing 一般式 doing being done动词 ing形式 完成式 having done having been done动词ed 形式 一般式 done即时演练 1 写出下列句中加彩部分所作的句子成分To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.不定式短语作主语With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema. with 复合结构作原因状语This is the best way to work out th
5、is problem. 不定式短语作定语They went to the park, singing and talking. 动词ing 形式作伴随状语Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 动词ing 形式作宾语补足语Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 过去分词短语作状语The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.动词ing 形式作定语Do you mind my asking you a few
6、questions?动词ing 形式作宾语二、非谓语动词的句法功能1不定式和动名词作主语不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作；动名词作主语通常表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作。To swim in the sea in hot summer is very pleasant.炎热的夏季在海里游泳很惬意。Reading aloud is a good way to learn English.大声朗读是学习英语的一个好方法。名师点津 不定式作主语时，一般可用 it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在后面；而动名词只能在一些特定的句式中用 it 作形式主语。It is/was no use (u
7、seless, no good, fun, a waste of time .)doing sth.即时演练 2 用所给词的适当形式填空Walking (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old.To_master (master) a foreign language calls for a great deal of memory work.It is difficult to_see (see) how more savings can be made.Its no use crying (cry) over spil
8、t milk.2不定式和动名词作宾语(1)except, but 作介词时后面也可以跟不定式，但多用于否定句和疑问句。He has no choice but to lie down and sleep.他别无选择，只能躺下睡觉。Tom did nothing last night except to watch TV.除了看电视，汤姆昨晚什么也没干。(2)下列动词(短语 )后要用不定式作宾语：agree, promise, learn, fail, decide, plan, ask, demand, want, hope, wish, expect, manage, offer, woul
9、d like/love, refuse, pretend, choose 等。They managed to escape from the burning building.他们成功地逃出了那座着火的大楼。(3)下列动词(短语 )后要用动名词作宾语：allow/permit, consider, suggest/advise/propose/recommend, be busy, insist on, practise, admit, enjoy, look forward to, deny, delay, excuse, avoid, miss, give up, finish, risk
10、, escape, imagine, appreciate 等。I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前被给予出国学习的机会。(4)有些动词后既可用动名词又可用动词不定式作宾语。意义上无较大差别，常见的有：begin, start, continue, prefer, love, like 等；而有些两者意义完全不同，常见的有：remember, forget, try, regret, mean 等。As soon as he arrived at the scho
11、ol, he began reading/to read his English book.他一到学校就开始看英语书。I liked playing/to play table tennis when I was a middle school student.我上中学时喜欢打乒乓球。Dont forget to carry your camera with you.别忘了带上你的照相机。Ill never forget hearing this piece of music for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次听到这首曲子的情景。(5)有些动词(如 need, want
12、, require, bear 等) 后可跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可跟不定式的被动形式表示被动意义。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这幢房子需要修缮。This kind of cloth bears washing/to be washed.这种布料很耐洗。即时演练 3(1)用所给词的适当形式填空She has arranged to_see (see) her parents next week.I gave up writing (write) five years ago.Dickens began to_work/workin
13、g (work) at a factory when he was very young.Betty has no choice but to_do (do) as you tell her.(2)完成句子She remembered_locking the door.她记得锁上门了。Tom forgot_to _open the window.汤姆忘记去开窗户。Drain piping may require protecting/to_be_protected_against freezing.排水管要求有防冻保护措施。3不定式、动名词和分词作表语(1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是
14、表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的、一般性的行为。Your task today is to wash the curtains.你今天的任务是洗窗帘。Her job is teaching.她的职业就是教书。名师点津 如果主语是不定式(表示条件) ，表语也用不定式( 表示结果)；如果主语是动名词，表语也用动名词。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人的仁慈就是对人民的残酷。Helping others is helping yourself.帮助别人就是帮助自己。(2)分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，
15、一种是过去分词作表语。现在分词作表语一般表示事物的性质、特征；过去分词作表语多用来描述人或高级动物的心理状态。例如：表示“人对感兴趣”就用 sb. be interested in .，表示“人/物本身有趣”就用sb./sth.be interesting。这类词常见的有： interesting/interested, exciting/excited, delighting/delighted, disappointing/disappointed, encouraging/encouraged, pleasing/pleased, puzzling/puzzled, satisfying
16、/satisfied, surprising/surprised, worrying/worried 等。即时演练 4 完成句子I am_interested _in the book.我对这本书很感兴趣。His habit is walking_the _dog after supper.他的习惯是晚饭后遛狗。Her wish is to_become_a_great_player.她的愿望是成为一名伟大的运动员。4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作补足语动词不定式作补足语表示动作的过程；现在分词作补足语表示正在进行的动作；过去分词作补足语表示被动或完成意义。We watched her cros
17、sing the street.(动作正在进行)我们看着她走过大街。I watched my sister cross the bridge.(动作已经完成)我看着妹妹过了桥。I heard my name called.(动作完成且表示被动)我听见有人叫我。巧学助记(1)下面的动词要用不定式作宾补：动词宾语动词不定式劝教命请叫(advise/suggest/recommend, teach, order, command, ask, tell)；允许又警告(allow, permit, warn)；使役表意向(cause, let, have, make, lead, set, leave,
18、 get, wish, want, expect)；知觉动词妙(feel, hear, watch, see, observe, notice)；且要省略 to。(2)下面的动词(短语)后可跟分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch 等。He kept the car waiting at the gate.他把小汽车停在门口。名师点津 感官动词后面出现了动词不定式作宾语补足语时，主动结构中必须省略不定式符号 to，但在变为被动结构时，省
19、略的 to 则必须加上。即时演练 5 (1)用所给词的适当形式填空They use computers to keep the traffic running (run) smoothly.I found a strange person walking (walk) nearby our shop all day.He asked us to assist him in carrying (carry) through his plan.The committee permitted us to_go (go) ahead with our building plan.They really
20、 pulled out all the stops to get the task finished (finish)(2)完成句子I couldnt make_myself_heard above the noise of the traffic.车辆噪音很大，我无法让人听到我的声音。I saw him take_your _dictionary_away.我看到他把你的词典拿走了。I saw him going _upstairs.我看见他正在上楼。5不定式、动名词和分词作定语(1)通常不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作，所修饰的词与之在逻辑上存在动宾关系、主谓关系或同位关系。He is a
21、pleasant fellow to work with.他是个很好共事的人。The man to come to our assistance is Mike.要来帮助我们的人是迈克。(2)动名词作前置定语，用来说明该名词的性质、用途，可替换成 for 短语。a swimming poola pool for swimming ( 动名词)(3)分词作定语现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含义；现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。Error!Error!名师点津 动名词作定语通常表示用途：reading room 阅览室operating table 手术台sw
22、imming pool 游泳池singing competition 歌咏比赛drinking water 饮用水即时演练 6 用所给词的适当形式填空The picture hanging (hang) on the wall is painted by my close friend.The first textbooks written (write) for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.Have you got anything to_say (say) at the meetin
23、g?The car repaired (repair)yesterday by him is my mothers.The man standing (stand) at the gate is my English teacher.6非谓语动词作状语的用法区别(1)动词不定式通常作目的、原因、结果状语等。In order to arrive there on time, I got up early.为了按时到达那里，我很早就起床了。Hes old enough to go to school himself.他大到可以自己去上学了。She was so angry as to be una
24、ble to speak.她气得连话都说不出来。Jack hurried to the booking office, only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out.杰克匆忙赶到售票处，结果被告知所有的票都被卖完了。(不定式 only to be told 在句中作结果状语，表示意料之外的结果)I am glad to hear the news.听到这个消息我很高兴。(不定式短语 to hear the news 在句中作原因状语，通常位于句末)(2)动词ing 形式(现在分词)和动词ed 形式(过去分词) 在句中通常作原因、时
25、间、伴随、条件、结果、让步状语等。主语与动词ing 形式(现在分词 )在逻辑上存在主谓关系，主语与动词ed 形式( 过去分词)在逻辑上存在动宾关系。Seeing the teacher, he ran into the classroom.一看见老师，他跑进了教室。Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom.在一群学生的簇拥下，那位老教师走进了教室。Being League members, we should take the lead in everything.作为共青团员，凡事我们
26、都应该起带头作用。His parents died, leaving him a lot of money.他的父母去世了，留给他一大笔钱。Caught in a heavy rain, he was wet to the skin.由于遇上了大雨，他浑身都湿透了。Getting up late, he missed his early train.由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。Seen from space, our earth looks more beautiful.从太空看，我们的地球更美。名师点津 动词ing 形式和动词 ed 形式的独立结构：动词ing 形式短语(现在分词短语)
27、和动词ed 形式短语( 过去分词短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致，但有时它们可以有自己的独立主语，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。当逻辑主语与其后的动词是主动关系时，用动词ing 形式；当逻辑主语与其后的动词是被动关系时，用动词ed 形式。Time permitting, we can complete the project.如果时间允许，我们就能完成这个项目。(逻辑主语 time 与 permit 存在主动关系，独立主格结构作条件状语)All the work done, they decided to treat themselves to a movie.所有的工作都做完了，
28、他们决定去看一场电影犒劳自己。(逻辑主语 all the work 与 do之间存在被动关系，句中独立主格结构作原因或时间状语)即时演练 7 句型转换After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.Having_watered_the_garden,_he began to mow the lawn.When they are heated, metals expand.Heated,_metals expand.Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for
29、your advice.Not_knowing_what_to_do_next,_I want to ask for your advice.She awoke, so that she found herself lost in the forest.She awoke, only_to_find herself lost in the forest.She ran up to me and her hair flew in the wind.She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.7非谓语动词常考的其他结构(1)疑问词不定式结构疑问词 w
30、ho, what, which, when, where 和 how 后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语。When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I dont know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。(表语 )(2)非谓语动词的独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。若不一致，则要在非谓语动词前加上其自身的逻辑主语构成非谓语动词的独立主格结构。独立主格结构没有真正的主语和谓语
31、，因此，在语法上不是句子。独立主格结构在句中作状语，表示方式、时间、原因、条件、结果等。名词/代词现在分词名词/代词与构成现在分词的动词之间为主谓或动宾关系，现在分词多表示动作正在进行。The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。名词/代词过去分词名词/代词与构成过去分词的动词之间是动宾关系，过去分词表示动作已完成。This done, we went home.做完此事，我们就回家了。名词/代词不定式不定式多表示将要发生的动作。We divided the
32、work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。即时演练 8(1)用所给词的适当形式填空The moon appearing (appear), they decided to go on with their work.All the work done (do), they went to the square.The student lay on the grassland with his hands crossed (cross) behind his head and eyes shut (s
33、hut)With two children attending (attend) a middle school in the nearby town now, the man is working hard.(2)完成句子They dont tell other people what_to_do,_but help others to take charge.他们不会告诉其他的人去做什么，而是帮助他们自己承担。We now have a really good idea of how_to_do_this.我们现在有了如何做到这一点的真正的好主意。.用所给词的适当形式填空1(2017全国卷
34、)They are required to_process (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.2(2017全国卷)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by eating (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.3(2017全国卷)This included digging up th
35、e road, laying (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.4(2017全国卷)But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm resting (rest)5(2017全国卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to_prove (prove) that she has brains as well as be
36、auty.6(2017浙江高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to_cook (cook) a meal.7(2017江苏高考)Many Chinese brands, having_developed (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.8(2017北京高考)The national park has a large collection of wild
37、life, ranging (range) from butterflies to elephants.9(2016江苏高考)In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message hidden (hide) within the work.10(2016浙江高考)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working (work) with students.11(2016天津高考)The cooling wind swept through our bedroo
38、m windows, making (make) air conditioning unnecessary.12(2016北京高考)To_make (make) it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand. 13(2015全国卷)A study of travelers conducted (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.14(2015全国卷)Abercrombie leftleaving第二句：wanted 后加 to第三句：But So; 去掉第二个 to第四句：itthey; happily happy第五句：in 后加 a第六句：第二个 laughinglaughed第七句：especialespecially