1、专题 04 阅读理解2019 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲 （英语）中有关阅读的要求： 要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。【解读】阅 读 是 我 国 考 生 学 习 和 使 用 外 语 的 最 主 要 途 径 ， 因 此 ， 阅 读 理 解 在 试 卷 中 占 权 重 较 大 。 该 部 分 要 求 考 生 读懂 熟 悉 的 有 关 日 常 生 活 话
2、题 的 简 短 文 字 材 料 ， 例 如 公 告 、 说 明 、 广 告 以 及 书 、 报 、 杂 志 中 关 于 一 般 性 话 题 的简 短 文 章 。 考 生 应 能 ：2. 理 解 文 中 具 体 信 息文 章 主 题 和 中 心 思 想 的 阐 述 往 往 需 要 大 量 细 节 信 息 的 支 持 ， 这 些 细 节 信 息 对 于 理 解 全 文 内 容 至 关 重 要 ，同 时 也 是 归 纳 和 概 括 文 章 中 心 思 想 的 基 础 。 具 体 信 息 有 时 可 以 直 接 从 文 章 中 获 取 ， 有 时 则 需 要 进 行 归 纳 、 概括 和 推 断 后
3、才 能 得 到 。3. 根 据 上 下 文 推 断 单 词 和 短 语 的 含 义阅 读 文 章 时 ， 常 常 会 遇 到 一 些 过 去 未 见 过 的 单 词 和 短 语 ， 但 许 多 这 类 词 语 的 含 义 可 以 通 过 上 下 文 推 断 出来 。 这 种 不 使 用 词 典 而 通 过 阅 读 上 下 文 来 推 断 词 语 含 义 的 能 力 ， 是 一 个 合 格 的 读 者 必 须 具 备 的 能 力 ， 因 此 也是 阅 读 理 解 部 分 经 常 考 查 的 一 种 能 力 。4.根 据 所 读 内 容 作 出 判 断 和 推 理在 实 际 的 阅 读 活 动 中
4、 ， 常 常 需 要 根 据 文 章 提 供 的 事 实 和 线 索 ， 进 行 逻 辑 推 理 ， 推 测 作 者 未 明 确 提 到 的 事实或 某 事 件 发 展 的 趋 势 等 。 这 种 判 断 和 推 理 的 能 力 是 阅 读 理 解 能 力 的 重 要 构 成 部 分 ， 因 而 也 是 阅 读 理 解 部 分重 点考 查 的 能 力 之 一 。6. 理 解 作 者 的 意 图 、 观 点 和 态 度每 篇 文 章 都 有 一 个 特 定 的 写 作 目 的 ， 或 是 向 读 者 传 递 某 个 信 息 ， 或 是 愉 悦 读 者 ， 或 是 讲 授 某 个 道 理 。 而这
5、 些 信 息 通 常 并 不 是 明 确 表 达 出 来 ， 而 是 隐 含 在 文 章 之 中 。 因 此 ， 读 者 需 要 在 理 解 文 章 总 体 内 容 的 基础 上 ， 去 领 会 作 者 的 言 外 之 意 。 【说明文】【样题】(2018全国新课标 I，D) We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old
6、devices (装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Ins
7、titute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Deskt
8、op computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. “T
9、he living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we conti
10、nue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So whats the solution (解决方案)? T
11、he teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets inst
12、ead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. 33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A.
13、 To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer.35. What do
14、es the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。33.D 【解析】细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的 To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colle
15、agues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitts team 研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选 D。34.B 【解析 】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的 They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers cou
16、ld cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低 44%的耗能。 故选 B。35.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选 A。【议论文】【样题】(2018全国新课标 II，D)Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartph
17、ones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time y
18、ou find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation
19、. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk, he explains. The key to successful small talk is learning how
20、 to connect with others, not just communicate with them.In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results
21、showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband, says Dunn. But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for ou
22、r well-being also.Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. Small talk is the basis of good manners, he says.32. What phenomenon is described
23、 in the first paragraph?A. Addiction to smartphones.B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.C. Absence of communication between strangers.D. Impatience with slow service.33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.C.
24、 Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises peoples confidence.C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.35. What is the best title for the text?A. Conversatio
25、n Counts B. Ways of Making Small TalkC. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。32.C 【解析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A 项意
26、为：沉迷于智能手机。B 项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C 项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D 项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选 C 项。34.D 【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D 项符合题意。A 项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B 项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C 项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D 项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选 D 项。35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流） ，接着分析了这一问题的
27、原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A 项意为：谈话很重要。B 项意为：闲聊的方法。C 项意为：闲聊的好处。D 项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选 C 项。题型 2 七选五型阅读理解阅读理解七选五侧重考查考生的逻辑思维能力，要求考生在语篇层面对文章整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义进行把握。其命题形式体现了新课标对考生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力的要求。文章体裁以说明文为主，语篇模式较为固定：提出问题提供解决方案。文章题材较为固定：与学生的日常生活、学习紧密相关。近三年新课标全国卷高考七选五实况分析：年份 卷别 体裁 词数 题材 话题全国卷 I
28、说明文 259 家庭生活 室内设计中颜色的选择问题全国卷 II 说明文223社会生活列举了早晨锻炼对人身体的四条好处2018全国卷 III 说明文 195 社会生活 介绍了跳舞的好处全国卷 I 记叙文225个人生活作者对野营活动由抵触到喜欢的转变过程全国卷 II 说明文 196 工作 如何避免工作时被打断2017全国卷 III 说明文244个人生活如何做计划建立好生物钟，保持早睡早起的好习惯全国卷 I 说明文195文化科技密码的设置方法和破解的方法全国卷 II 说明文 262 家庭生活 自己建设花园的具体建议2016全国卷 III 说明文 201 家庭生活 买鱼和烧鱼的常识2018 年高考对七
29、选五的考查将更多地涉及所填句子和所在段落主题的呼应以及空白处与上下句之间的一致性。考生要想做好此类题目，必须注意：话题的一致性，代词指代的一致性，句式的一致性，数字列举的一致性以及段落结构对空白处所填内容的影响。【样题】(2018全国新课标 II) 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Color is fundamental in home design something youll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of
30、 the first steps to creating rooms youll love to live in. Do you want a room thats full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? 36 , color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.Over the years, there have been a number of different
31、techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 , they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.38 . Theyre the little spots of color like
32、 throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable. Medium color choices are generally
33、 furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves. 39 . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether youre looking at wallpaper o
34、r paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 .A. While all of them are useful B. Whatever youre looking forC. If youre experimenting with a colorD. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar withE. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color piec
35、esF. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timeG. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了室内设计中颜色的选择问题。38.D 【解析】本空是一个主题句，总说选择小颜色是我们很熟悉的方法。后文分说小颜色的具体用途。故选 D。39.G 【解析】根据前文“中型颜色选择通常是指一些例如沙发，餐桌或者书架等家具的颜色选择”接着表明这种范围的颜色选择是对小型颜色选择在两种方式上的进一步提示，故选 G。40. F 【解析 】前文 the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant 你所付诸的时间、精力和相关的费用是巨大的。后文 F 那肯定是值得的，因为你想第一次把它弄好。故选 F。