1、Unit 1 A land of diversity,名词性从句（一）,Look at the following clauses in the sentences and think about what role do these clauses play in the sentences.,What attracts people to California is its pleasant climate and relaxed lifestyle.,主语,Revising useful structures,However, most applicants know that they
2、 have very little chance of getting a visa.,宾语,This is why each year a great number of people from all over the world try to immigrate to California.,表语,1. 概念在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等, 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能, 名词从句又可分别称为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句(Object Clau
3、se)、表语从句(Predicative Clause) 和同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。,名词性从句,2. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连接词/从属连词 不充当从句的任何成分连接代词:连接副词:,that, whether, if,what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whichwhen, where, how, why,3. 不可省略的连词： 1) 介词后的连词 2) 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。,That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the n
4、ews that our team had won.,Subject Clause (主语从句) Object Clause (宾语从句) Predicative Clause (表语从句),Noun clause,一、主语从句在复合句中作主语, 它可 以位于句首, 但常见的主语从句多放在 句末, 句首则用形式主语 it。,That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round.,主语从句的用法,2. Whether he will come hasnt been decided. = It hasnt bee
5、n decided whether he will come. 注意: 连词 that, whether 在从句中不担任 句子成分, 只起连接作用, 不能省略 (注: if 不可用来引导主语从句）,二、用 it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is名词从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that是常识 (2) It is形容词从句 (多用 should)It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是,(3) It 不及物动词从句It seems t
6、hat 似乎It happened that 碰巧It appears that 似乎 (4) It is 过去分词从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说,It is certain that he will come. It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week. It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday evening. It does
7、nt matter whether I stay or not.,that he will come,that some American friends,will visit our school next week.,that we were out for a,whether I say or not.,walk yesterday evening.,三、用带 ever 的引导词 (如 whoever, whatever) 引导的主语从句一般不后置。Whoever leaves the room last should close the door.Whatever we do must
8、 be in the interests of the people.,It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.,四、it 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较it 作形式主语代替主语从句, 主要是为了平衡句子结构, 主语从句的连接词有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部
9、分进行强调, 无论强调的是什么成分, 都可用连词 that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:,五、what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句 子成分, 如主语、宾语、表语, 而 that 则不 然, 即不担任何成分。例如：What you said yesterday is right.That she is still alive is a consolation.,句子结构： 主句 + 连接词(引导词) + 宾语从句 连接词:从属连词 that, whether, if连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, wha
10、t 连接副词 where, how, why, when,宾语从句的用法,He has got a pen. I think I think (that) he has got a pen. Where do they study English? Lily asks Lily asks where they study English. Will you help me? I ask I ask if you will help me.,一、连词 (引导词) 1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句), 连词由 that 引导, 因为that 在从句中不作任何成分, 也没有任何具体意思
11、, 因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。,He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster. Jane said (that) she wasnt late for the meeting.,2. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时, 由特殊疑问词充当连接词, 因为该特殊疑问词 (即连接词) 在从句中担任一定的句子成分, 具有一定的意义, 所以不可以省略。,Do you know what he said just now? I dont remember when we arrived. I asked him where I could get so
12、much money. Please tell me who we have to see. Do you know what time the plane leaves?,Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game. A. why B. what C. who D. that,I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize _ silly mistakes I had made. A. what B. that C. how D. which,3. 当
13、宾语从句是一般疑问句时, 由连词whether 或 if 引导(口语中常用 if), 因为 if/whether 翻译成“是否”, 具有一定的意义, 所以不能省略。Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag.Lets see if /whether we can find out some information about that city.,注意: 关联词只能用 whether 不能用 if。表 示 “是否”的情况如下： A. 在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：The question is whether th
14、e film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.,B. 在主语从句中，只有用 it 作形式主语 时, whether 和 if 都能引导主语从句, 否则, 也只能用 whether。如:Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.It hasnt been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.,C. 在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略) 如:It all d
15、epends (on) whether they will support us. D. 后面直接跟动词不定式时。如：He doesnt know whether to stay or not. E. 后面紧接 or not 时。如：We didnt know whether or not she was ready., 关联词 if, whether 均可使用的情况 如下： A. 引导宾语从句。如：I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not. B. 在“be + 形容词”之后。如：He was not sure whether (if) it
16、is right or wrong., 关联词只能用 whether 或 if, 不能用 that 的情况如下：若 doubt 一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句 时, 主句为肯定句用 whether 或 if, 主 句为否定句或疑问句用 that。如：I doubt whether he will come soon.,I do not doubt that he will come soon. Do you doubt that he will come soon? 注意: 下面这个例句中 doubt 的含义为“认为未必可能”。I doubt that he will come.,4. 跟在介词后
17、的宾语从句: 宾语从句放在 介词后作介词的宾语, 在使用这种结构 时不能丢掉介词。There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built.We are considering of where these trees should be planted.,二、语序: 连接词陈述句合成一个句子： He would be back in an hour. He said He said (that) he would be back in an hour.,Do they speak English? We want to know We
18、 want to know if / whether they can speak English. What is her name? He asks me He asks me what her name is.,三、时态：如果主句是过去的时态(包括一般过去时, 过去进行时), 那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态。,When will Professor Li give us a talk? We wanted to know We wanted to know when Professor Li would give us a talk.,Jim is a good stude
19、nt. The teacher said The teacher said (that) Jim was a good student.,Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijing for five years.,四、在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词之后, 宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。I dont think he will see you. I dont believe h
20、e will go. We dont expect he is coming. I dont think he can do it, can he?,注: 此种用法主句的主语必须是第一人称 I 或 we，而且它的反意疑问句的助动词由从句的助动词来定。I dont think he can do it, ? I dont think you are right, ?,can he,are you,在 suggest, insist, demand, order, require 等表示建议, 命令, 要求的动词后, 从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。如:I insisted that he (shou
21、ld) do it at once. She suggested that the work (should) be finished at once.,注意: 1. 当从句是客观真理, 定义, 公理, 定理时用一般现在时。 2. 如果主句的谓语动词是 ask 时, 连词不可能是 that; 如果主句的谓语动词是say 时, 连词用 that。 1) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.,2) He asks if I like playing the piano. 3. 如果从句中含有 or 或 or not 时, 只能用
22、 whether 而不用 if。Do you know whether he is right or not?I dont care whether hell stay here or not.I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.,五、在接复合宾语的句子中, 为了保持句子平衡, 用 it 作形式宾语, 将从句放于句尾, 常接复合宾语的动词有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think .I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every da
23、y. I think it a pity to waste the food.,在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句, 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样, 表语从句位于连系动词后, 有时用 as if 引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + 从句。Thats what we should do. Thats why I want to see you.,表语从句的用法,1. be, seem, look 等动词后均可跟表语从句：My suggestion is that we should go shopping. It seems that it is going to r
24、ain.,It looks as if its going to rain. It was because I got up late. The reason for my absence was that I was ill. The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus. My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside.,should have,sugge
25、stion,注意: 在表语从句中, 当reason做主语时, 引导词只能用that, 不能用because。如: The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus. 他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。,4. 主句的主语是名词 idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement 时, 表语从句应用虚拟语 气。即: (should) + v.My suggestion is that we should have a discussion about this
26、matter instead of just setting it aside.,What he wants to tell us is not clear. I believe (that) he is honest. The question is who (which of you) will be the next speaker. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,高考链接,考点一：主语从句考例回顾It was never clear _ th
27、e man hadnt reported the accident sooner. （江苏 2011） A. that B. how C. when D. why,点拨 答案为 D。根据句意“那个人为什么没尽快汇报那起意外事故还没弄清楚”可知 D 项符合语境。此句中，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是 why 引导的主语从句。,2. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is. （湖南2011） A. what B. that C. which D. why,点拨 答案为 A。此句中 it 作
28、形式主语，真正的主语为 what 引导的主语从句，what在从句中作表语。,3. _ comes will be welcomed to the open-air concert. （上海2011春） A. Whatever B. Whoever C. No matter what D. No matter who,点拨 答案为 B。whoever 在此引导主语从句，表示“无论谁”。,考点二：宾语从句考例回顾 1. Our teachers always tell us to believe in _ we do and who we are if we want to succeed. （四
29、川2011）why B. how C. what D. which,点拨 答案为 C。根据从句 we do 后缺少宾语可知选 what。,2. It is not always easy for the public to see _ use a new invention can be of to human life. （重庆2011）whose B. what C. which D. that 点拨 答案为 B。what use 作 be of 的宾语。,3. Weve offered her the job, but I dont know _ shell accept it. （山东
30、2011）where B. what C. whether D. which,点拨 答案为 C。whether引导宾语从句，表示“是否”。,考点三：表语从句考例回顾 1. Id like to start my own business thats _ Id do if I had the money. （陕西2011）why B. when C. which D. what,点拨 答案为 D。从句中缺少 do 的宾语，因此用 what。,2. Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes an
31、ything. （山东2011） that B. when C. where D. why,点拨 答案为D。根据句意“我觉得与其说他是个实干家不如说他是个空谈家，这就是为什么他从来不会完成任何事情的原因”可知选 why。,3. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. （北京2010）what B. that C. why D. whether,点拨 答案为 B。that 引导表语从句，不在从句中作任何成分，只起连接作用，没有含义。,1. Finish Activity 1 on page 49 on the workbook.2. Finish Exx on P7 of the coaching books.,Homework,