1、语法专题突破,专题一 名词和冠词,-3-,高考感悟,考点归纳,.单句语法填空 1.(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at the top of her lungs. 2.(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent. 3.(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the
2、review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause). 4.(2018浙江卷)Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 5.(2017全国卷)This trend has had some unintended side ef
3、fects (effect) such as overweight and heart disease.,-4-,高考感悟,考点归纳,6.(2017全国卷)As a result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. 7.(2016全国卷)Recent studies(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 8.(2016全国卷)Give your body
4、 and brain a rest by stepping outside for a while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy.,-5-,高考感悟,考点归纳,.单句改错 1.(2018全国卷)When I was little,Fridays night was our family game night. FridaysFriday 2.(2018全国卷)During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. 在
5、countryside前加the 3.(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. chickenchickens,-6-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点一 名词的数 一、可数名词的复数 1.规则变化,-7-,高考感悟,考点归纳,-8-,高考感悟,考点归纳,注意以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是:英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿,即heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s
6、,它们是:mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。 以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它们是:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。 但有的以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s。如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。 名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,做定语的man或woman和后面的名词都要变成
7、复数。如:woman doctorwomen doctors。,-9-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.不规则变化 (1)常见单复数同形的名词 Chinese中国人;means方式;works工厂;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;fish鱼;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。 (2)自身有特殊变化的名词 child孩子children man男人men foot脚,英尺feet tooth牙齿teeth medium传播媒介media mouse老鼠mice phenomenon现象phenomena,-10-,高考感悟,
8、考点归纳,3.有些名词通常只用复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富,surroundings环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle牛,congratulations祝贺 有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in high spirits 情绪高昂,give ones regards to sb.向某人问候,in rags衣衫褴褛,have good manners 有礼貌,-11-,高考感悟,考点归纳,二、不可数名
9、词 1.常见的不可数名词:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,practice,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,wood,English,America 等。 Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time. 财富始于一个目标,要一美元一美元地积攒。 2.有些名词既可以用作
10、可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词,但意义不同。work当表示“工作”时为不可数名词,但当表示“作品;著作”时则为可数名词。glass“玻璃”(不可数),“杯子”(可数);room“空间”(不可数),“房间”(可数);experience “经验”(不可数),“经历”(可数);paper“纸”(不可数),“报纸、文件、试卷”(可数)。,-12-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点二 名词的所有格 名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-s所有格和of所有格两种形式。 1.-s所有格 (1)多用来表示有生命的东西。 Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer
11、. (2)用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-s或;表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-s或。 Toms and Jims rooms (各自的房间) Tom and Jims room (共同的房间),-13-,高考感悟,考点归纳,(3)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时,名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barbers at the teachers 2.of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所属关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。 From the top of the hill
12、,you can get a birds view of the city. 3.双重所有格 指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即 “of+名词所有格”。 a play of Shakespeares a friend of my wifes,-14-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点三 不定冠词a/an的用法 不定冠词表示泛指,一般修饰可数名词单数。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:a pen 一支笔;an old man 一位老人 一、不定冠词的基本用法 1.用在首次提到的人或物的可数名词单数前面,泛指某(一)个人或某(一)个事物。 The “Chin
13、ese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development. “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦,一个和谐、和平、发展之梦。 2.表示“一”,相当于one。 Ill return in a day or two.,-15-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.表示“每”,相当于per,常用于表示时间、重量、长度等单位前。 We have three meals a day. 4.表示“同一性”,常构成“of+a/an+名词”形式,相当于the same。 The children
14、 are of an age. 5.表示类指,意为“某类”。 He wants to be a doctor. 6.后面接人名可以表示“一个叫的人”,或是其作品。 A Mr.Smith is asking to see you. 7.与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”。 a success一件成功的事/一个成功的人;a pity一件遗憾的事;an honour一个引以为荣的人/一件引以为荣的事 8.与物质名词连用,表示“一种、一阵、一份”。 What a heavy rain!,-16-,高考感悟,考点归纳,9.序数词前使用冠词的情况。 “the+序数词”表示排序;“a/an+序数词
15、”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。 Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car. I have failed twice,but Ill try a third time. 10.比较级和最高级前冠词的选择。 “a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”;“a most+形容词”表示“一个很/非常”,此时后面没有比较范围,most只表示“很,非常”。 Tom is the older of the two boys. The first
16、 unit is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.,-17-,高考感悟,考点归纳,二、常用含不定冠词的固定搭配 all of a sudden突然 as a matter of fact事实上 once a week每星期一次 at a loss不知所措,茫然 be on a visit参观,拜访 be/go on a diet节食 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车 have a gift for.在方面有天赋 have a good time玩得开心 have a word with.与谈话 in a hurry匆忙地
17、 in a way从某种意义上说,-18-,高考感悟,考点归纳,make a living谋生 take a walk散步 take an interest in.对感兴趣 take/have a rest休息一会儿,-19-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点四 定冠词the 一、定冠词的基本用法 1.特指上文提到过的、特定的人或事物,或双方都明确的人或事物。 I have a car.The car is red. Pass me the book,please. 2.表示某一类人或物。 The bike is a useful means of transportation. 3.用于世上独一无二
18、的事物名词前。 the universe;the moon;the Pacific Ocean 4.用于乐器前。 play the violin;play the piano,-20-,高考感悟,考点归纳,5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”。 Could you tell me the way to the Greens,please? Sorry,we dont have a Green here in the village. 6.用于表示国家、党派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前。 the United States;the Communist Party of China 7.用于表
19、示发明物的单数名词前。 The compass was invented in China. 8.在逢十的复数数词之前,指某世纪的某个年代。 in the 1990s(在20世纪90年代) 9.用于表示度量单位的名词前。 I hired the car by the hour.(对比I hired the car by time.),-21-,高考感悟,考点归纳,10.用于形容词或分词前表示一类人。 the rich;the living;the wounded 11.用于方位名词、身体部位名词前。 The sun rises in the east. hit sb.on the head 1
20、2.用于普通名词转化而来的专有名词前。 the Great Wall;the West Lake,-22-,高考感悟,考点归纳,13.与比较级和最高级连用。 (1)“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越越”。 The more,the better. (2)表示两者间“较的一个”,比较级前加the。 Who is the taller of the two boys? (3)三者或三者以上相比较,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。 Mary is the tallest child in her family.,-23-,高考感悟,考点
21、归纳,二、常用定冠词的固定搭配 at the moment此刻,目前 at the same time同时 by the way顺便说一下 on the spot当场 make the best/most of.充分利用 in the distance在远处 in the end最终 in the habit of有的习惯 the other day前几天 on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面 to the point中肯,切题,-24-,高考感悟,考点归纳,考点五 零冠词 一、零冠词的基本用法 1.专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词表示一般概念时,
22、其前不用冠词。 Beijing is the capital of China. Kindness is virtue. Snow dissolves into water.,-25-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.表示季节、月份、星期、节假日、棋类、球类、学科、一日三餐、语言、运动等的名词前一般不加冠词。 Spring is the best season of the year. I have been studying in this college since July,2018. We have a seven-day holiday on National Holiday. Tom en
23、joys playing chess. The boys like playing football after class. They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science. Do you have breakfast at home or at school?,-26-,高考感悟,考点归纳,3.称呼语、自己的家庭成员及表示头衔、职务的名词做表语、补足语及同位语时,一般不加冠词,但用作主语或宾语时要用冠词。 Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering depart
24、ment to take the place of George. Im captain of the class team at school. 4.当by与表示交通工具的名词连用表示方式时,名词前不用冠词。 Id rather travel by bus than airplane.,-27-,高考感悟,考点归纳,二、常用零冠词的固定搭配 in fact事实上 for example例如 in danger在危险中 with pleasure高兴地 in time及时 in fear恐惧地 at work在上班 at dinner在吃饭 after school放学后 at first起初
25、 at last最终 by hand手工做的 pay attention to注意 set fire to放火 take pride in以为豪 take care of照顾 take office就职 take part in参加 in town在城里 keep.in mind牢记 in trouble处在麻烦中 on foot步行 leave word留言 on time按时,-28-,高考感悟,考点归纳,catch sight of看见 do harm to对有害 lose weight减肥,-29-,.单句语法填空 1.The illegal hunting of Tibet ante
26、lope used to be a serious problem in the 1990s. 2.Simmons and her husband grabbed two boards and paddled down the human chain until she reached the swimmers(swimmer).She rescued them one by one. 3.Under the direction of these philosophical theories (theory),this kung fu style gains good effects in t
27、he boxing and sword skills. 4.Chinas silk was introduced into western countries (country) through this old trade route. 5.The east side of their stems grows faster during the day,causing the stems to gradually bend from east to west.,-30-,6.John Dewey,an American psychologist,once said that gaining
28、others respect is the deepest urge in human nature. 7.A hundred years ago,explorers(explorer) at that time were taking a tremendous risk in approaching the cold wonderland on the southernmost tip of the planet. 8.In fact,figuring out who will get the bill is always a headache for the Chinese at form
29、al meals. 9.As Chinese economy develops very fast and plays an important role in the world,more and more foreigners learn Mandarin in Confucius Institutes. 10.Chinese people are becoming richer and more international.What has not changed is their stomachs(stomach).,-31-,.单句改错 1.She has taught us a l
30、ot of English knowledges and how to be a good citizen. knowledgesknowledge 2.First of all,China has made a great progress in the social and economic development in the past decades,and people have more time and energy to enjoy their life. 去掉a,-32-,3.It was useful experience for all of us,which Ill n
31、ever forget for the rest of my life,and which Ill always treasure. useful前加a 4.From this lesson,we came to conclusion that it was not so difficult to learn English if we could find a good way. conclusion前加 a,5.I hope my advices can help you improve your health. advicesadvice,-33-,.语法填空 Villages in d
32、eveloping countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1. a different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2. the shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual med
33、ical 3.problems(problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4. the problems.They can do it with puters(computer).In 6. the past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”.,-34-,An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7. the place of 8. a human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9. questions (question) of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10.treatment(treat) is needed.,