1、Unit 4 Exploring plants 第一部分About the topic and the structures单元话题和结构本单元的话题是“植物探索” ，介绍人类对植物世界的探索历程。将生物分为植物和动物两界时，植物界包括藻类、菌类、地衣、苔藓、蕨类和种子植物。 植物界和其他生物类群的主要区别是含有叶绿素，能进行光合作用，自己可以制造有机物。本单元还将学习“直接宾语和间接宾语” 。教学设计在单元课时划分上与课本保持一致，即“阅读课、知识课、运用课三课时/三课型划分” 。但在实际教学过程中，我们建议教师依据学生基础、教学条件、学校安排的因素，对课本、对教学设计重新划分课时、裁剪、拼
2、接使用我们提供的材料，以便“物尽所用” ，达到最佳教学效果。教师也可以按照我们提出的“实际教学过程课时划分建议”进行教学。Period 1Reading 阅读课Warming Up 部分教师可以选择我们提供的“给植物下定义” 、 “谈论不同的园林”和“讨论园艺”热身形式激发背景知识、为其后的阅读作好词语、结构和心理的准备。教师可补充： Pre-reading 向学生介绍有关“garden”的常识，为其后的阅读做心理的铺垫和准备。园艺一词，原指在围篱保护的园林内进行的植物栽培。现代园艺虽早已打破了这种局限，但仍是比其他作物种植更为集约的栽培经营方式。园艺业是农业中种植业的组成部分。园艺生产对于丰
3、富人类营养和美化、改造人类生存环境有重要意义。Reading 是篇说明文，说明人类早期的植物探索。教师应引导学生依据我们提供的“信息转化工具” ，如“结构图” 、 “表格”等，从形式和内容两方面引导学生阅读课文、理解词语、理解结构。Period 2Learning about language 知识课Learning about language Learning about language 首先引导学生仿写学过的课文，然后学习本单元句法项目：带双宾语的动词，最后是若干练习。 Period 3Using language运用课Using language 首先引导看图说话，了解若干奇特植物，
4、然后阅读一则有关花和花粉受精的短文，然后是仿写活动。可以参考我们提供的范例，引导学生以学到的词汇、短语、结构和话题进行仿写。实际教学过程课时划分建议Period 1 将 Warming Up、 Pre-reading、Reading 和 Comprehending 整合在一起上一节“阅读课” 。Period 2 将 Learning about language 和 Workbook 中的 USING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS、USING STRUCTURES 整合在一起上一节“语言知识课” 。Period 3 将 Using language 设计为一节包括听说读写单项技能
5、或组合技能训练的“综合技能课（一） ”。Period 4 将 Workbook 的 READING AND LISTENING 和 TALKING 整合在一起上一节“听说课” 。Period 5 将 Workbook 的 LISTENING TASK、READING AND WRITING TASK和 SPEAKING TASK 整合为一节“综合技能课（二） ”。第二部分教学资源说明Section 1Background 背景围绕单元话题“植物探索”我们提供了若干实用性背景材料。这些材料既可以作为教师教学参考材料为教师所用，也可以直接或改写、重组后作为课堂内外的拓展性阅读材料呈现给学生。Sec
6、tion 2Explanation解析重点针对“阅读课型”中的课文难句，我们提供了详尽的，就句论句的解析和翻译，并且以解析的焦点话题为线索，进行了一定的归纳、辨析和总结，以帮助教师更好地实施“语言形式”的教学。Section 3Vocabulary词汇按照课本单元词汇表顺序，我们重点提供动词、短语搭配的讲解。所提供的例句，经典、地道、实用、易懂，完全可以直接用于教学。Part 1 Teaching Design第一部分 教学设计Period 1 A sample lesson plan for reading(PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CEN
7、TURIES)IntroductionIn this period, after warming up, students will first be introduced to gardening. Then they will be helped to read an exposition about plants exploration. While reading the form of the language is stressed.Three “Warming Up” designs are presented in this book for teachers referenc
8、e. Computer and overhead projector may be used to aid the teaching and learning. Objectives To help students learn to express emotions (wonder, disgust) To help students learn to read an exposition about plants exploration To help students better understand “plants” To help students learn to use som
9、e important words and expressions To help students identify examples of the direct object and indirect object in the textFocusWords Pollinate, anchor, seal, shave, appear, lower, postpone, rot, evolve, attach, Expressions Date back to, appear to, give outPatterns In 1833, Ward shipped two cases of B
10、ritish plants to Sydney, Australia.Collecting “exotic” plants，as they are called ，dates back to the earliest timesHowever，it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale Large numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea v
11、oyages or trips across land between Asia and Europe. Ward shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney，Australia He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859. Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to
12、India，where a successful tea industry was establishedAidsMultimedia facilities, tape-recorder, photos, diagrams Procedures1Warming up Warming up by defining plants We see plants every day. But what are they?Plants are a major group of living things (about 300,000 species), including familiar organis
13、ms such as trees, flowers, herbs, and ferns. Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs, and animals. Warming up by talking about different gardensGardens vary in forms and functions. How many can you see in your area?Gardens may function i
14、n a particular mannerBotanical garden, Community garden, Forest garden, Raised bed gardening, Residential garden, Roof garden, Vertical garden, Water or soil-less gardening (hydroponics) , Walled garden, Windowbox, Zoological gardenWarming up by discussing plant explorationPlant Exploration is the s
15、earch for new, undiscovered plants. The principal objective of most plant exploration expeditions is to provide germplasm resources for existing breeding programs, biotechnology, and conservation. Insight must also be used to identify new species or those that have not been evaluated on this contine
16、nt.2. Pre-reading by getting to know what a garden isA garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form is known as a residentia
17、l garden. Western gardens are almost universally based around plants. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zological gardens. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all. Gardening is the activity o
18、f growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. 3. Reading for forms Read the text PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES to: cu
19、t/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions. 4. Copying expressions and making sentencesYou are asked to copy all the useful expressions into your notebook after class as homework. You may make your own sentences with
20、each of these expressions.Expressions from: PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIESdate back to the earliest times, bring backfrom distant lands, gather plants，it was not untilthat, on a large scale, take the opportunity of, go on botanical expeditions, face many dangers, set one selves up
21、in, vast quantities of, keep alive, be transported on long journeys, make a return trip, make trips to, shave ones head in the Chinese style, experience many adventures, pirates on the Yangtze River, value the study of the natural sciences, result in, appeal to sb.5. Reading and transformingRead the
22、 text again to complete the chart to fill in the topic sentence of each paragraph.PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIESTopic sentence of 1st paragraph Collecting“exotic”plants， as they are called， dates back to the earliest timesTopic sentence of 2nd paragraphHowever， it was not until the
23、 eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scaleTopic sentence of 3rd paragraphAn important group of collectors were French Catholic missionaries who， by the middle of the 18th century， were beginning to set themselves up in ChinaTopic sentence
24、of 4th paragraph Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector， who accompanied James Cook on his first voyage from England to OceaniaTopic sentence of 5th paragraph Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was an enormous challenge.Topic sentence of 6th paragraph The world
25、of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Wards invention of a tightly sealed portable glass containerTopic sentence of 7th paragraph A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to use Wardian casesTopic sentence of 8th paragraph The second half o
26、f the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant explorationTopic sentence of 9th paragraph Although the missionaries collected large numbers of specimens， there was not enough material for growing particular species in Western gardens6. Type of writing Exposition6. Making a diagram of
27、PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES and retelling it in your own wordsdating back to the earliest times Para 1not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Para 2in China by the middle of the 18th century Para 3voyage from England to Oceania Para 4an enormous challenge Para 5The sec
28、ond half of the nineteenth century Para 8not enough material for growing particular species Para. 9Robert Fortune to use Wardian cases Para 7a tightly sealed portable glass container Para 67. Closing down by taking a quiz I. Do reading comprehension questions.1. The passage mainly tells about_.A. a
29、tightly sealed portable glass containerB. the difficulties of keeping plants alive during voyagesC. Sir Joseph BanksD.plant exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries2. Why was the second half of the 19th century a very important period of plant exploration?A. Because the missionaries got to know ho
30、w to collect specimens.B. Because many Catholic missionaries were sent to China and brought back huge plant collections.C. Because a tightly sealed portable glass container was invented then.D. Sir Joseph Banks accompanied James Cook on his voyage. 3. What does the word “fluency” mean in the 7th sen
31、tence?A. good mastery of the language knowledgeB. skillfulness in speaking or writingC. the state of being cognitively skillful D. the quality of being poor in speech and writing4. Who was able to collect seeds of the Dove Tree tehn?A. Father Farges B. Nathaniel Ward C. E H Wilson D. Joseph Banks(Ke
32、ys: DBBC)II. Complete the summary of the text with one word in each blank.It was not _1_ the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries _2_the exploration of the botanical world began _3_ a large scaleAn important group of collectors _4_ French Catholic missionaries _5_，by the middle of the 18th century，_6
33、_ beginning to set themselves up in China_7_ plants alive during long land or sea voyages _8_ an enormous challenge. _9_ numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea _10_ or trips across land _11_ Asia and Europe. The world of plant exploration _12_ completely changed _13_ Dr Nathaniel Wards inven
34、tion _14_ a tightly sealed portable glass containerThis invention，_15_ the Wardian case，allowed plants to be _16_ on long journeysA British man _17_ Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant _18_ to use Wardian cases_19_ second half of the nineteenth century _20_ a very important period of plant
35、_21_During this time many Catholic missionaries _22_ sent to China from France_23_ the missionaries collected large numbers _24_ specimens，there was _25_ enough material for growing particular species in _26_ gardens(Keys: 1. until 2. that 3. on 4. were 5. who 6.were 7.Keeping 8.was 9. Large 10.voyages 11.between 12. was 13.with 14. of 15.called 16.transported 17. called 18.collectors 19.The 20.was 21.exploration 22. were 23.Although 24. of 25. not 26.Western )