1、Unit 2 Grammar and usage,The elements of a paragraph,Introduction: Paragraphs are one of the major building blocks of good writing. They are used to organize information in an essay, a story or an article. When writing paragraphs, we usually include several parts.,Read the second paragraph of the ma
2、gazine article Population movement in the USA and try to find which sentence in this paragraph gives the main point of the whole paragraph.The sentence which gives the main point of a paragraph or an article is the topic sentence.,1. Topic sentences: Each paragraph should have a point. This is usual
3、ly expressed in a topic sentence, which clearly states what information the paragraph will give. Not all paragraphs have a topic sentence. This is sometimes the case when, for example, a paragraph is continuing a topic introduced in the previous paragraph, which contained a topic sentence.,The topic
4、 sentence is usually the first sentence of a paragraph. However, in the first paragraph of an essay, a story or an article, the topic sentence may follow a hook, which is often an interesting fact, a question or a quotation.,Read the second paragraph under the subtitle of Bright lights, big city and
5、 identify the topic sentence and supporting sentences in it. Think about why a question is used at the beginning of the paragraph. A question instead of an affirmative sentence here can catch readers eyes and make readers more interested in the topic. A question like this is called a hook.,Read the
6、second paragraph again. In this paragraph, what information can we get from the sentences following the first sentence? (The following sentences give more detailed information about the move, as where older Americans move from, where they move to and how old they are.) These sentences are called sup
7、porting sentences.,2. Supporting sentences The topic sentence should be followed by sentences which help explain or prove it. For decades, Florida has been attracting older people. In fact, according to the national population survey conducted recently, Florida is home to the largest population of p
8、eople aged 65 and older., The sentences in a paragraph should be listed in an order that makes sense. We can use transitions to link each sentence to the previous or following ones. Transitions we can use include for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, howeve
9、r and also.,Read the two paragraphs in Part A and choose the best topic sentences.,Exercises,a (Because the supporting sentences talk about the passing of time.)b (Because the paragraph notes how important it is to teach arts in school.),Read the two paragraphs in Part A again and point out the supp
10、orting sentences as well as the transition words or phrases in them.,Exercises,3. Concluding sentenceA paragraph should end with one sentence that repeats the topic in a new way. We can also use the concluding sentence to express a final idea about the topic or to help introduce the topic of the nex
11、t paragraph.Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people are electing to live in cities.,Read the paragraphs in Part B. First, you should add transitions to complete the paragraphs, and then point out the topic and concluding sentences.,Exercises,Quiz I: underline the topic sente
12、nces of the following short passages:,Now more and more people have realized how serious the problem is. Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution. Weve done a good deal of work, but theres still a long way to go. We must keep on fighting until we find ways to prot
13、ect the environment from being polluted, and do away with pollution. We are sure that well win the battle. Goodbye, water pollution!,_,A,Language learning begins with listening. Children are greatly different in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and later starters are often
14、 long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though the word “obey” is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by
15、 making questioning noises.,B,_,Quiz II. 选出下列各段落的主题句。One of the reasons for visiting the lighthouses is that the lighthouses have a profound history and provide a good view of nature.Visiting lighthouses will help us to understand the lives of lighthouse keepers.,C. Another reason for considering a
16、visit is that the lighthouses themselves can be very attractive buildings.The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.,Everyone should visit a lighthouse at least once. (1) _ They had only basic ways of creating light, and y
17、et they found a way of using this simple technology in isolated (孤零零的) places to save ships from hitting rocks.,D,(2) _ By their very nature, lighthouses were built on some rocks or cliffs. Thus the lighthouse keepers often lived lonely lives. To walk around their small home, and imagine the angry s
18、torm outside beating against the walls, is to take a step towards understanding the lives they had.,B,(3) _ The reason for a visit to a lighthouse is not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolat
19、ion has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. Therefore, with the gentle waves touching all round the lighthouse, the visitor is likely to think it is a world preferable to the busy and noisy modern life.,A,(4) _ Mankind could often not be content just to put up a basic structur
20、e, but felt the need, even in such an isolated place, to build with an artistic touch. The result is a view for tired eyes to enjoy. Finally, lighthouses have a romantic attraction, summed up by the image of the oil-skin-coated keeper climbing his winding stairs to take care of the light to warn shi
21、ps and save lives.,C,Preview,To preview Task about convincing a friend on Page 26: Skills building 1: listening for the chain of events Skills building 2: answering questions with more than one answer Skills building 3: using language to convince people,Review the grammar: The elements of a paragraph. Do Parts C1 and C2 on Page 105 in the workbook.,Homework,