1、Unit 5 Enjoying novels Part One: Teaching DesignPeriod 2: A sample lesson plan for Learning about Language(The Nominative Absolute Construction)AimsTo help students learn about The Nominative Absolute Construction To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressionsTo help st
2、udents discover and learn to use some useful structuresProceduresI. Warming up by learning about Charlotte BronteEnglish writer noted for her novel Jane Eyre (1847), sister of Anne Bront and Emily Bront. The three sisters are almost as famous for their short, tragic lives as for their novels. In the
3、ir works they described love more truthfully that was common in Victorian age England. In the past 40 years Charlotte Bronts reputation has risen rapidly, and feminist criticism has done much to show that she was speaking up for oppressed women of every age.II. Discovering useful words and expressio
4、nsNow turn to page 43 and do the words and expressions exercises 1 and 2. III. The Nominative Absolute Construction 独立主格独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主
5、句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如1) Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance. (黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。) 2) He lay at full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。) 3) The coward was backing, his
6、face being deathly pale, toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。) 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为： 1) Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance. 2) He lay at full length upon his stomach. His head rested upon his left
7、 forearm. 3) The coward was backing toward another room. His face was deathly pale. 独立主格结构的特殊构成形式独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词代词分词(短语) 外，还有如下特殊构成形式。 1.名词介词短语 1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist, a bunch of flowers in his hands.(广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。) 2)Ever
8、y afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house, a vast load of firewood on her back.(每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。) 2.名词形容词(短语) 1)The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。) 2)The wretched boy, who has recently be
9、en dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks, is now sweeping away the snow, his hands numb with cold.(那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。) 3.名词副词 1)This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴
10、外，别无它事可干了。) 2)This intermezzo over, he found himself surrounded by several stunning, porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。) 此外，with 常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的 with 不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句： 1) With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body
11、 against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。) 2) The traffic inched along, with horns honking.(汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。 ) 独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。 1.作时间状语 1)My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami ma
12、tting.After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。) 2) The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.While the governor was pondering the matter, more strikers gathered ac
13、ross his path.(总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。) 2.作条件状语 1)Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。) 2)Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.If such is the case,
14、 you have no grounds for dismissing him.(如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。 ) 3.作原因状语 1)The storm drawing near, the navy decided to call it a day.Since the storm was drawing near, the navy decided to call it a day.(由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。) 2) The Cossack being intent on his stalking, his foot touched the protruding b
15、ough that was the trigger.Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking, his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.(这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。) 4.作伴随状语 1)I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people falling back respectful
16、ly on either side.I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。) 2)He would appear in the doorway, gray fedora pulled low over his face, his eyes sweeping the room for any sign
17、 of trouble.He would appear in the doorway. A gray fedora was pulled low over his face, and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble.(他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。) 高考专题逻辑主语+V-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：1._no bus, we had to walk home.A. There bei
18、ng B. Being C. Having been D. There was2._no bus, we had to walk home.A. As there being B. As there was C. Being D. There was3._Sunday, the library doesnt open. A. Being B. There being C. It being D. Having been4._Sunday, the library doesnt open.A. As it being B. Being C. It is D. As it is逻辑主语+V-ed该
19、构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：1._, the train started.A. The signal given B. Giving the signal B. The signal being given D. The signal giving2._, the train started.A. After having given the signal B. After the signal given C. Giving the signal D. After the signal was given3._, the text became easier for us
20、to learn. A. Explaining new words B. New words explained C. Being explained new words D. Having explained new words4._, the text became easier for us to learn.A. When new words were explained B. Explaining new words C. New words explaining D. Being explained new words逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构
21、。如：1._, the patient can leave the hospital.A. Better conditions B. Conditions better C. Conditions are better D. Being better conditions2._, the patient can leave the hospital.A. If better conditions B. If conditions better C. If conditions are better D. Being better conditions3._, wed like to go ou
22、ting.A. Being Sunday B. Sunday OK C. Sunday is OK D. If Sunday OK4._, wed like to go outing.A. If Sunday is OK B. Sunday being OK C. Sunday OK D.A,B and C5._, you can wait a while.A. The play being still on B. The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B6._, so you can wait a whileA. The pl
23、ay is still on B. The play being still on C. As the play is still on D.T he play still on逻辑主语+介词短语该结构相当于不带动词的“主系介词短语”结构。如：1. The boy followed the nobleman here, _.A. a sword in hand B. a sword in his hand B. Being a sword in hand D. sword in hand2. The boy followed the nobleman here _.A. with a swor
24、d in his hand B. with a sword in hand C. with a sword being in hand D. a sword being in hand3. He left the office, _.A. tears being in eyes B. tears in eyes C. being tears in eyes D. with tears being in eyes4. He left the office _.A. with tears being in eyes B. with tears in her eyes C. being tears
25、in eyes D. tears being in eyes独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分原因状语该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：1._ no bus, we had to walk home.A. There being B. As there was C. There was D. A and B2._Sunday, the library doesnt open.A. It being B. As it is C. Being D.A and B3._, I had to ask for two days leave.A. Mother being ill B. M
26、other ill C. As mother was ill D. A,B and C4._, we have to work late into the night.A. The exam near B. The exam being near C. As the exam is near D. A,B and C时间状语独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由 when, as soon as, after 等引导的时间状语从句。如：1._, the train started. A. The signal given B. After the signal was given C. Give
27、n the signal D.A and B2._, the text became easier for us to learn. A. New words explained B. When new words were explained C. When teacher explained new words D. all above条件状语独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由 if 引导的条件状语从句。如：1._, well go to visit the Great Wall.A. Weather permitting B. If weather permits C. If permi
28、tting D.A and B2._, the patient will recover himself soon.A. If the treatment is in time B. The treatment in time C. The treatment being in time D.A,B and C伴随状语独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：1. We have lessons every day, _. A. Sunday included B. Sunday including C. Sunday is including D. all the above
29、2. The boy fell asleep,_.A. cap on head B. with a cap on head C. a cap on was on head D. all the above3. Father came home,_A. a dog following him B. a dog followed him C. being followed by a dog D. all the abovewith + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法“with + 复合宾语” 结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词） + 非谓语动词（分词、不定式） 、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成
30、的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动） ，则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：原因状语1. With the man _ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.A. To guide B. Guiding C. Guided D. To have guide2. With a lot of work_, she doesnt have time to rest. A. to d
31、o B. to be done C. doing D. done3. With the machine _all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.A. to work B. worked C. working D. Being working时间状语1. The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _.A. are on B. on C. to be on D. been on2. With our problem _, we all felt happy.A. to se
32、ttle B. to be settled C. settled D. being settled3. With his work_, the secretary began to walk home. A. to do B. doing C. done D. to be done伴随状语1. She left the offices with tears _.A. in her eyes B. in eyes B. being in eyes D. to be in eyes2. The man found the door with both his eyes _.A. to be clo
33、sed B. being closed C. closed D. closing3. We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_. A. standing by B. to be standing by C. stood by D. being standing by4. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_. A. to be tied behind B. tied behind C. tying behind D. being tied behind5. You cant see well _.A
34、. with the glasses on B. being on the glasses C. with the glasses to be on D. with the glasses 后置定语1. Do you know the man _ a book in his hand? A. with B. having C. being D.A and B2. Please offer your seat to the woman _ a baby in her arms.A. carrying B. having C. with D. all the above分词、独立主格和 “with
35、 + 复合宾语”作状语的区别分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式） 。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。分词短语在句中常作以下状语：原因状语1._late, we had to walk home. A. Being B. As we were C. We being D.A and B2._ busy, they had no time to play. A. As they were B. B
36、eing C. Because they were D. all the above时间状语1._ the students homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.A. When he was correcting C. When he corrected C. Correcting D. all the above2._by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.A. When you are praised B. Praised C. When praised D. all the a
37、bove条件状语1._ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A. If he is given B. If given C. Given D. all the above2._ another chance, Ill do my job better.A. If I have B. If having C. Having D. all the above伴随状语1.Father came back, _ a bag of money on his left shoulder.A. carrying B. he was carrying
38、 C. and he was carrying D. all the above2. Father came back, _ by a monkey.A. and he was followed B. followed C. and was followed D. all the above二、独立主格结构和 with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：1._, well go fishing in the country.A. Permitting weather B. Weather permitt
39、ed C. Weather permitting D. Permitting2._, he finished playing the game of chess.A. His eyes closing B. With his eyes closed C. Closing his eyes D. Closed his eyes3._, I couldnt get the book I wanted.A. Closed B. Library closed C. Closing library D. With library closing三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分
40、别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如 when, if, as soon as, as, while 等）或并列连词（如 and, but, or, so 等） 。例如：1._ the teacher told the class to go through the text A. Checking the answers B. Checking the answers and C. When checking the answers and D. all the above2._a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay in
41、side.A. It being B. Being C. It was D. all the above3. As_a little sick, he remained at the clinic.A. feeling B. he felt C. he felling D. all the above四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。1._ in thought, he almost ran into the car in f
42、ront of him. A. Lost B. As he was lost C. He lost D.A and B2._for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.A. Waiting B. When he was waiting C. As he was waiting D. all the above2、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构或从句。如：1. The soldier fell asle
43、ep _.A. with the candle burning B. burning the candle C. when he was burning the candle D. when burning the candle2._, the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful. A. Being on B. When being on C. With all the lights on D. When it turns on all the lights3._ the notice, he had an idea. A. When he was wa
44、tching B. Watching C. When watching D. all the above4._ the notice, an idea came to his mind. A. When he was watching B. Watching C. When watching D. all the aboveIV. Discovering useful structuresTo consolidate your learning of the nominal absolute construction please go on to page 44. Do the struct
45、ures exercises 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. V. Closing down by comparing Chinese Grammar with English GrammarComparatively speaking, Chinese has much less grammar than English. In Chinese we have the grammatical units like characters, words or terms, phrases and sentences. Chinese depends mainly on its charact
46、ers to realize its grammatical functions. There is no changes in affixes. In fact, there is no affixes for Characters. But there are many changes with the terms or words which are formed with characters. All the grammatical changes depend on characters or terms, e.g. we use auxiliaries to show the t
47、enses, voices, moods, cases, etc. In one word, Chinese grammar depends mainly on different parts of speech to realize its syntax. On the contrary, English grammar depends mainly on the changes of the words themselves to show different grammatical elements. For example, the tenses are realized throug
48、h the changes of verbs; the numbers of nouns are realized by adding -s to the end of nouns or through the changes of the nouns themselves, etc. In short, Chinese and English are quite different. But still there are similarities in the two languages. For example, the Chinese Pinyin contents all the 26 letters of English. There are quite a few phonemes which are similar in both