1、Grammar and usage,Unit 1 School Life,Objectives,1. To get some ideas about attributive clauses 2. To be able to find attributive clauses in an article 3. To know the usage of relative pronouns,Note: Pay much attention to “that” and “which”.,语法讲解建议采用归纳法，如尽可能多的呈现一些相关例句，或可让学生从已学课文中找相应例句，引导学生试着从所观察到的语言现
2、象中总结出语言规则和语法规律。,Observe the sentences you have learned. 1. Who do you think is the greatest person that has ever lived, Eddie? 2. On 20th July 1969, Armstrong became the first human that walked on the moon. 3. It is said that Armstrong sent a message to Mission Control which said that two huge, stra
3、nge objects landed near them and were watching them.,Have A L k,4. The most important award that Armstrong got for his service was the Medal of Freedom, the highest award that a US citizen can receive. 5. Neil Armstrong is the person who made people around the world realize that space exploration wa
4、s truly possible.,6. The computer that I bought last year isnt working properly! 7. He was one of the famous people which Mr Wu mentioned yesterday. 8. Do you know the famous American scientist which invented over 1000 things?,Observe the sentences from this unit. 1. I sat next to a girl whose name
5、was Diana. 2. I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature. 3. David was one of the most helpful students that we ever had. 4. Some of the cities in China which he likes most are Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Nanjing.,5. Most of the students whom he taught have become his friends. 6. Some
6、 of the books were gifts that he got from his Chinese friends and students. 7. The paintings that David donated to the school are being shown in the exhibition room.,Guessing Game,to test your sense of observation to test your ability of short-term memory to test your ability to highlight the langua
7、ge points,Guess,Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.,1. Who do you think is the greatest person _ has ever lived, Eddie? 2. On 20th July 1969, Armstrong became the first human _ walked on the moon. 3. It is said that Armstrong sent a message to Mission Control _ said that two huge, strange obj
8、ects landed near them and were watching them.,that,that,which,go,Ready?,4. The most important award _ Armstrong got for his service was the Medal of Freedom, the highest award _ a US citizen can receive. 5. Neil Armstrong is the person _ made people around the world realize that space exploration wa
9、s truly possible.,that,that,who,6. The computer _ I bought last year isnt working properly! 7. He was one of the famous people _ Mr Wu mentioned yesterday. 8. Do you know the famous American scientist _ invented over 1000 things?,that,which,which,Sentences from this unit. 1. I sat next to a girl _ n
10、ame was Diana. 2. I loved the lessons _ she gave in English Literature. 3. David was one of the most helpful students _ we ever had. 4. Some of the cities in China _ he likes most are Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Nanjing.,whose,that,that,which,5. Most of the students _ he taught have become his fri
11、ends. 6. Some of the books were gifts _ he got from his Chinese friends and students. 7. The paintings _ David donated to the school are being shown in the exhibition room.,whom,that,that,1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. A. which was B. it was C. which were D. the
12、m were 2. He is the man _ I saw yesterday. 3. Please pass me the book _ cover is green.,whom/that,whose,Harry Potter,a boy with glasses,a boy who is brave and wearing glasses,a brave boy,Attributive 定语 (用来修饰名词的成分),I am an astronaut.,An astronaut is a person.,He works and travels in space.,An astrona
13、ut is a person. He works and travels in space.,who,I was sent into the sky by a space craft.,A space craft is a vehicle (运载工具).,It can travel in space.,A space craft is a vehicle _ can travel in space.,that / which,I came here on June 11, 2013.,It was that day _ I was sent into the sky.,when,I was s
14、ent into the sky on on June 11, 2013.,space capsule,I work and live in a space capsule.,Space capsule is a place _ an astronaut works and lives.,where,It is a space capsule.,An astronaut is a person who works and travels in space.2. A space craft is a vehicle that / which can travel in space. 3. A s
15、pace capsule is a place where an astronaut works.4. 25th Sept. 2008 was the day when Liu Boming was sent into the sky.,antecedent 先行词,relative pronoun 关系代词,relative adverb关系副词,antecedent 先行词,1. 定义：,又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。,2. 先行词：,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。,3. 关系代词/关系副词：,引导定语从句的词。,关系代词,关系副词,which, that, who
16、, whom, whose等,where, why, when,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定 语和表语,在定语从句中作状语,Relative pronouns,Relative adverbs,Attributive clauses,Now, read the points and examples on Page 8, and think about: Nouns can be modified by _, _, and _. Pay attentionto their different positions. 2. Read Point 2, and find out what the f
17、unction of the words in blue in each sentence is?,Attributive clauses,Read the article on P9 and underline the attributive clauses in it.,课本练习,Paragraph 1： David was one of the most helpful students that we ever had. (The antecedent: one of the most helpful students; the relative pronoun: that, used
18、 as the object in the clause) In 2004, he went to Oxford University where he became interested in Chinese culture. (The antecedent: Oxford University; the relative adverb: where, used as the adverbial in the clause),Paragraph 2: Some of the cities in China which he likes most are Beijing, Shanghai,
19、Harbin and Nanjing. (The antecedent: some of the cities; the relative pronoun: which, used as the object in the clause),Most of the students whom he taught have become his friends. (The antecedent: most of the students; the relative pronoun: whom, used as the object in the clause),Paragraph 3： Some
20、of the books were gifts that he got from his Chinese friends and students. (The antecedent: gifts, the relative pronoun: that, used as the object in the clause) The paintings that David donated to the school are being shown in the exhibition room. (The antecedent: the paintings; the relative pronoun
21、: that, used as the object in the clause),关系代词的用法,人；物,物,人,人,(人/物)的,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,可省,不可省,which指物，在定语从句中做_做_时常可省略。 1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 2) He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 3) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterd
22、ay. 4) The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.,主语或宾语 宾语,2. that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作_，作_时常可省略。 Where is the man (that/whom) I saw this morning? 2) The person (that/whom) you introduced to me is very kind. 3) The season that/which comes after spring is
23、summer. 4) Yesterday I received a letter that/which came from Australia.,主语或宾语 宾语,3. who指人，作_，作_可省略。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. The student (who) we met at the school gate is from America. 4. whom指人，作_， _省略， 但是如介词提前则_省略。The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.The man to wh
24、om I talked is Mr. Li.,主语或宾语 宾语,宾语 可,不可,5. whose 在定语从句中作_，与后面的 名词为所属关系。 whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of which互换使用。 1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 2) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. = The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 3) Do you like the bo
25、ok whose cover is yellow? = Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?,定语,I like the baby who/that/whose,gnaw (咬, 啃) his fingers,grovel (趴) on the ground,Which baby do you like best?,Which is your favorite monkey?,Complete the following article (Page 11) about high schools in the USA using w
26、ho, whom, which or whose.,课本练习,p11A,There are several differences between high schools in the USA and high schools in China. For one thing, students _ study in the USA are in class only about twenty hours per week. The rest of the time _ they spend at school is used for independent study. With so mu
27、ch free time, students _ do not make good use of their time may not pass their exams. Students _ the teachers fail may,who,which,who,whom/who,have to take the classes again. For another thing, many courses are classes _the students can study just for fun, but _they do not have to take. Finally, stud
28、ents can often choose their classes and class times. Some courses are required, but the students can still decide the teacher _ class they wish to take. They can choose to take the class of a teacher _ they like or respect.,which,which,whose,whom/who,that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
29、,(1) 限制性定语从句中先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, some等不定代词指物时。(something用that或which均可)Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.,Note:,(2) There be 句型中用that。 There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom
30、. (3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。 This is the first book (that) he has read. This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. This is the first time (that) I have been in Beijing.,(4) 先行词是who或which引导的主句。 Who is the girl that drove the car? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? Who is the man that is reading the
31、newspaper over there?,(5) 当先行词既有人又有物。 They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. (6) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the last, just, right等修饰。 Ive read all the books that are
32、 not mine. This is the very book that belongs to him.,(1) 紧跟介词作宾语 (二单元语法点) There are many trees under which they can have a rest. (2) 在非限制性定语从句中(三单元语法点) Football, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world. (3) 作定语 He may be late, in which case, we should wait for him.,一般用which而不用tha
33、t的情况。,Time for reflection,人；物,物,人,人,(人/物)的,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,主语,宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,可省,不可省,Can you fill out the table?,Tips for teacher,The followings are some exercises. If time is limited, the teacher can choose some to practise with the students.,Quiz I: Multiple choice.,The exact year _ Angela
34、and her family spent together in China was 2008. A. When B. where C. why D. which 2. Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face , probably the greatest of all is fog. A. which B. what C. where D. when,3. A company _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. A. which B
35、. whose C. who D. why 4. Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position. A. that B. which C. as D. what,5. Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year. A. which B. where C. when D. what 6. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was
36、completely cut off from the outside world. A. when B. where C. which D. whom,7. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected. A. whose B. that C. who D. which 8. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. A. wh
37、om B. who C. what D. which,Quiz II: Translation.,1. 昨天我看的那部电影非常令人感动。2. 他丢失了他父亲给他的那块手表。3. 刚才跟你讲话的那个人是我们的校长。,The film that I saw yesterday is very moving.,He lost the watch that/which his father gave him.,The man who talked to you just now is our principal.,4. 我捡到的那本书是小王丢失的。5. 我们最需要的东西是时间。6. 我最喜欢的学科是英
38、语。,The book which/that I picked up is the one that Xiao Wang lost.,The thing that we need most is time.,The subject that/which I like best is English.,7. 站在学校门口的那个人是我们的老师。8. 你知道那个马尾辫 (ponytail) 长长的女孩吗？我永远忘不了那位教授上星期给我们 做的讲座。,The man who is standing at the school gate is our teacher.,Do you know the g
39、irl whose ponytail is long?,I will never forget the lecture that the professor gave us last week.,10. 我丢了那本红封面的书。I lost the book _. 11. 你能告诉我你们上星期参观的工厂的名字吗？Can you tell me the name of the factory _? 12. 他就是我正在找的人。He is the man _.,whose cover is red,(which/that) you visited last week,(who/whom/that),
40、I am looking for,13. 我昨天收到的信是我姑妈寄来的。The letter _ _ was from my aunt. 14. 在接下来的年月里，他们拼命工作。During the years _, they worked very hard. 15. 那个名叫彼得的男孩是我们的班长。The boy _ is our monitor.,(which/that) I received,that followed,whose name is Peter/,who is named Peter,yesterday,Quiz III: Fill in the blanks accor
41、ding to the text and the given words.,Once there was a goat and a donkey 1_ lived on a farm. The donkey worked harder so the farmer fed it more 2_. Sometimes the donkey was given more food 3 _ it could eat.,that,food,than,This made the goat so jealous 4_ it began plotting against（谋划对付） the donkey. “
42、Hey, donkey,“ the goat said one day. “I think you do too much work on this farm. You carry such heavy things from morning to night. Why dont you pretend 5_(get) sick so you can take a day 6_? The donkey thought the goats idea was great.,that,to get,off,So the next morning, the donkey lay in the stab
43、le（畜栏） on its side with its eyes 7_ (close). Right away, the farmer called the doctor. 8_ examining the donkey, the doctor said it needed a special medicine made 9_ the heart of a goat. So the farmer killed 10_ goat and gave the donkey medicine made from its heart.,closed,After,from,his/the,Review the grammar.Do the exercise B on Page 11.,Homework,