1、Unit 3Science and nature Grammar and usage,Objectives,To find out how verb-ed forms are used as adjectives To learn that the verb-ed form can be functioned as the attributive, predicative and object complement To learn how to use the verb-ed form and verb-ed phrases in different situation,非 谓 语 动 词,
2、动名词,分 词,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,Observe the sentences from this unit. 1. If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby. 2. I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting 3. My grandfather was delighted to hear I had passed my exams. 4. After the accident, they found the front wind
3、ows broken.,5. She lay trapped under the building for three days. 6. Asked why he was against cloning humans, the scientist explained that it might lead to disaster. 7. Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. 8. Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will divide into se
4、veral parts.,基本形式和意义,过去分词是非谓语动词的一种，在句子中不能单独作谓语。过去分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带补语或受状语修饰。过去分词和补语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。过去分词的基本形式是“动词 + -ed”，但也有不规则的形式。,The Past Participle,Verb-ed form & phrases,Now, its time to read the points on Page 48 about verb-ed form and Page 50 about verb-ed phrase.,Then, pay attention to the fo
5、llowing explanation.,Past Participle as _,Example: So many thousands of terrified people died. the highly praised scientist the retired scientists a well-trained singer,the Attributive,e.g. boiled water 开了的水,A 单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义，常作前置定语。,注意：过去分词作定语时，有时只有被动意义。 e.g. spoken English 英语口语 written exe
6、rcises 书面练习,过去分词作定语,a fallen leaf 一片落叶 the risen sun 升起来的太阳 the developed countries 发达国家 a retired teacher 一名退休教师 by-gone days 过去的岁月,少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意义。,e.g. How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods!我多懊悔在树林浪费的时光啊!I like wearing clothes made of this kind of cloth我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。,B 过去分词作后
7、置定语，表示被动和(或)完成意义。,The books written by Lu Xun are popular 鲁迅写的书很受欢迎。,1. He told us of the great wrong done to him. = He told us of the great wrong _ to him.,which had been done,注：过去分词作定语时可以转化为定语从句。本句中的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成。,Change the following past participles into clauses.,2. The United States is a dev
8、eloped country.= The United States is a country _.,which has developed,注:本句中的过去分词作定语，只表示完成。,3. Have you noticed the bridge being builtthere?= Have you noticed the bridge _ there?,which is being built,注:本句中的过去分词作定语，表示被动的动作正在进行。,过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。 Some of them, born and brought up in rural vil
9、lages, had never seen a train. 他们当中有一些人, 生长在农村，从未见过火车。,过去分词短语用作定语时，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但比从句简洁，多用于笔语中。,用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，变成所谓的转移形容语。这种过去分词在形式上不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。 The general stared at him in startled admiration. 将军以惊讶而赞赏的眼光注视着他。,我们已经学习了动词-ing形式作定语, 这里就有一个问题了： 动词-ed形式作定语和动词-ing形式作定语有什么区别呢？ 接下来我们就谈
10、谈它们的区别。,1) 语态不同 -ing表主动、进行；-ed表被动、完成,-ed 作定语与-ing 作定语的区别：,（正在变化的）,（变化了的）,（正在沸腾的),（已经沸腾过的）,(正在凋谢的),（已经凋谢的）,(发展中的),（发达的）,2) 时间关系不同 -ing 表“正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时 进行”或“经常性”。 -ed 表动作先于谓语动词表示的动作。,Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? “Cant you read?”Mary said, angrily pointing to the notice. They took the
11、 injured woman to the hospital.,3) 及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可表示被动, 但-ed表示一个完成了的动作, 而being done多表示一个正在进行的动作。,The problem discussed yesterday has something to do with us.The problem being discussed now has something to do with us.,The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first p
12、laying B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing,考点点拨,简析: 首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games的后置分词短语; 再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受, 且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此, 该题应选C。,2. Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak,简析: 该题应选B。测试过去分词作后
13、 置定语表达被动, 等于定语从句 which is spoken。,3. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited,简析: 该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置 定语表达被动, 等于定语从句who were invited。,4. The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A.
14、open B. opening C. having opened D. opened,简析: 该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作 定语放在所修饰的名词后, 可以用非限 制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替。,5. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written,简析: 该题应选D。测试过去分词作后
15、置定语表达被动, 等于定语从句that were written。,Past Participle as _,Example: But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people.The little boy was very excited whenhe heard that he could go to the party.,the Predicative,1. 过去分词作表语，表示主语的特点或所处的状态，其前的系动词有包括be在内的多种形式。 Everyone present was very insp
16、ired at his speech 听了他的发言，在场的所有人都很振奋。 You seem frightened. 你似乎受了惊吓。,过去分词作表语，强调主语的特点或所处的状态；而被动语态中，主语是动词所表示动作的承受者。 This shop is now closed这家商店现在已经关门了。(状态)This shop is closed at 6 pm every day这家商店每天下午6点关门。(动作),2. 过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别：,过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状 态（系动词+过去分词)No wonder he is excited! (predicativ
17、e),可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有： delighted, disappointed, upset, astonished, excited, frightened, experienced, interested, qualified, puzzled, exhausted, satisfied,Past Participle as _,Example:,After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.,(S=subject, P=predicate, O=object, Adv=adverbial),P,O,Adv,S,Obj
18、ect Complement,Object Complement,什么是宾语补足语？,英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let etc.,We think him _. What he said made me _. We consider the answer _. Everyone calls him _.,clever,angry,correct,Tom,Choose the correct words to co
19、mplete the sentences below.,宾语补足语的表现形式：,带有宾语补足语的一般结构为：,+,直接宾语（名词或代词）,+,宾语补足语,宾语补足语的10种表示法：,His father named him Jianguo. They painted their house white.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 4. Nobody noticed him enter the room. 5. We saw her entering the room.,(名词),(形容词),(不定式),(不定式短语),(现在分词
20、或其短语),6. We must get the work finished by 10 oclock. 7. We take English as a useful tool for research work. 8. Whenever you may go, you will find him at work. 9. Let the fresh air in. 10. The plant has its own name. You cannot call it what you will.,(过去分词),(用as引出),(介词短语),(副词),(从句),作宾语补足语的过去分词一般来自及物动
21、词, 表示被动和完成意义, 说明宾语所处的状态, 一般跟它前面的宾语在逻辑上构成主谓关系, 表被动, 其结构形式为: 主语谓语动词宾语过去分词,1. 过去分词用在表示状态的动词keep,leave等的后面。 1 They kept the door locked for a long time. 2 Dont leave the windows broken like this all the time.,2. 过去分词用在使役动词have, make的后面。 A 注意“have+宾语+过去分词”的两种用法： 表示让某人做某事 如：1 I have had my bike repaired.2
22、 The villagers had many trees plantedjust then.,1 My elder sister had her wallet stolen ona bus last month. 2 The old man had his wrist broken in the accident.,表示“遭遇到某种不幸；受到打击”等。,B “make+宾语+过去分词”,在这种结构中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的。 1 I raised my voice to make myself heard. 2 They managed to make themselves un
23、derstood using very simple English.,3. 过去分词用在感官动词watch, notice, see, hear, listen to, feel, find等的后面。,当我们到学校时，我们看见门锁着。 When we got to the school, we saw the door locked.,He found his house broken into when he got back home. 回到家他发现家被盗。,4. 过去分词用在want, wish, like, expect, order等表示“希望，愿望，命令”这一类动词的后面作宾语补
24、足语。,The teacher wouldnt like the problem discussed at the moment.,老师不想此刻讨论这个问题。,I want the suit made to his own measure.我想要这套衣服照他自己的尺寸做。,5. 过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。,With many brightly-coloured flowers planted around the building, his house looks like a beautiful garden. 周围种了许多色彩鲜艳的花，他
25、的房子看 上去就像一座漂亮的花园。,过去分词作状语, 表示被动的动作或动作已经完成。过去分词通常可作: 原因状语、时间状语、条件状语、让步状语、伴随状语等。通常过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致。,Past participle as the Adverbial,When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.,Seen from the hill,时间状语可在过去分词前加上连词when, while, until等。,Dont speak until you are spoken to.,Dont speak until
26、 spoken to.,1. 时间状语,2. 原因状语,Because the boy was greatly touched by his teachers words, he did a lot of things to help his classmates.,Greatly touched by the teachers words,As he was surprised at what happened, Tom didnt know what to do.,Surprised at what happened,3. 条件状语,If we were given more time,
27、we could do it much better.,Given more time,If it is heated to a high temperature, water will change into vapor.,Heated to a high temperature,4. 让步状语,Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.,Though warned of the storm,Even if Im invited, I wont take par
28、t in the party.,Even if invited,5. 方式、伴随状语,The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.,The teacher entered the classroom followed by a group of students.,The teacher stood there and was surrounded by the students.,The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students
29、.,前面我们说过过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语通常是一致的。还有一种情况是分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致,这时需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时, 也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。),例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied,简析: 很显然, 待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands, 而不是句子的主语 The murderer, 而 his hands
30、对于动词 tie来说, 只能是被 动承受。因此, 该题应选D。,Exercises: (page 49),disappointed puzzledexcitedinterested bored,Answers to Part A:,Answers to Part B:,2. The problems created by cloning will soon be clear. 3. We dont want beasts produced by scientists to replace us one day. 4. The technology used is amazing. 5. The
31、 only thing needed is a cell from your old pet.,Exercises: (Page 51),2. Encouraged by her teachers, Rose did well at school. 3. Inspired by his grandfather, the child wrote more poems. 4. Bored with the game, the dog will not play it any more.,Answers to Part A,Answers to Part B,1. tired 2. burnt 3.
32、 bored 4. disappointing 5. pleased 6. challenging 7. relaxed,Exercises,1. _ is a good exercise for both the young and the old.A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 2. When and where to build the new power station _ yet.A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided,B
33、,A,3. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _.A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 4. Our father often told us in the past that _is believing.A. to see B. seeing C. see D. to be seen,C,B,5. She pretended _the letter I wrote the day before
34、yesterday.not to receive B. having not received C. not to hear from D. not receiving 6. There was a terrible noise _the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed,D,B,7. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a rock by the side of the path. A. to hav
35、e rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 8. People couldnt help _the funny villager. A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing on,C,C,9. I cant help _the house because Im busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned 10. They knew her very well. They had seen her_
36、 up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow,A,A,11. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 12. Believe it or not, he was seen _ upstairs just now. A. to go B. to go
37、ing C. having gone D. go,D,A,13. It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night. A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned 14. The salesman scolded the girl caught _ and let her off. A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C. to steal D. stealing,C,D,15. He was disappointed to find his suggestion_. A.
38、turning down B. turned down C. to be turned down D. to turn down 16. To master a foreign language, _. A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice,B,D,17. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. being t
39、ied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 18. Tom kept quiet about the accident _lose his job. A. not in order to B. so as not to C. in order to not D. not so as to,D,B,19. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was prepa
40、ring 20. _more attention, the work would have been done better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,B,A,21. _a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not received 22. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first
41、 computer. A. to invent B. having invented C. to have invented D. inventing,C,C,23. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 24. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking,C,A,高
42、考链接,1.In the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.A. To found B. FoundingC. Founded D. Having founded【答案】C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句子主语the school与found之间为被动关系，故此处 使用过去分词founded表被动并表完成动作。,2. There are some health problems that, when _ in time, can become bigger ones later on. n
43、ot treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not have been treated【答案】A 【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略。 连词when之后为状语从句的省略，非谓语动 词treat的逻辑主语即为主句主语health problems， 判断它们之间的关系为被动关系，即用过去分 词即可。而being done意为“正在被”； to be done“将被”。,3. In some languages,100 words make up half of all words in daily conversations
44、. A. using B. to use C. having used D. used【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词 use在句中作words的后置定语，与其存 在被动关系，故使用过去分词used，答 案为D。,4. The witnesses by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned【答案】A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。首先判断此处需要
45、一个非谓语动词作witnesses的后置定语；且判断动词question与witnesses间为被动关系；根据非谓语动词短语中标志词just now可知动作question已经完成。故可选A。区别：done作后置定语意为“已被的”；being done作后置定语意为“正被的”；to be done作后置定语意为“将被的”。,5.If _ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once. asked B. to ask C. asking D. having asked【答案】A 【解析】考查非谓语动词及状语从句
46、的省略。状语从句连词if之后省去了从句的主语，即主句的主语；而主句为祈使句，默认主语为you；主语you与动词ask之间为被动关系，故使用过去分词。答案选A。,6. When _ for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. asked C. having asked D. to be asked 7. Film has a much shorter history, especially when _ such art forms as music and painting. A. having compared to B. comparing toC. compare to D. compared to,