1、Unit 2The environment,Grammar and usage,Verb-ing form as an adjective or adverb,Objectives,To get to know how a verb-ing form can be used as an adjective or adverb To learn how to use a verb-ing phrase To learn to identify the functions of a verb-ing form,Observe the sentences from this unit. 1. Thi
2、s is an amazing achievement. 2. That was an extremely interesting speech. 3. A wood-burning stove does harm to the environment. 4. This damage is frightening. 5. We all found his argument convincing and interesting. 6. They stood talking to each other.,7. Having worked with many environmental consul
3、tants, I know that a healthy environment and development should be possible at the same time. 8. Asking around, I find many people willing to pay a little higher price for things that are friendly to the environment. 9. We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are n
4、ot fully grown.,Verb ing 形式概念动词的 ing 形式包括两种: 现在分词: 具有形容词和副词特征，可作定语、状语、表语、宾补等。 动名词：具有名词特征，可作主语、宾语、表语等。,现在分词的基本特点:,1. 在时间上表动作正在进行。如： a developing country 发展中国家rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。 2. 在语态上表主动。如： the ruling class 统治阶级the exploiting class 剥削阶级,现在分词的时态和语态,语态,时态,Verb-ing form as an adjective,President Obama
5、 gave an extremely interesting speech to his voters.,1. the verb-ing form used as an attribute,(1) a swimming man,(2) a swimming pool,(2) a walking stick,(1) a walking man,=a man who is walking,= a stick for walking,Whats the difference between (1) and (2)?,小 结 1,Verb-ing 形式作定语既可表示动作正在进行（如例（1），此时相当于
6、一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名词的性质或用途（如例（2）。,a running man,The man running inthe picture is Usain Bolt.,attribute,The man who is running in the picture Usain Bolt.,可转换为：,Rewrite the following sentences with attributive clauses. The teacher teaching us Chinese is Ms Wang.=The teacher who is teaching us Chinese is M
7、s Wang.,The people sitting behind us are soccer players.,The expert coming from Hong Kong is a lady called Ms Cai.,=The people who are sitting behind us are soccer players.,=The expert who comes from Hong Kong is a lady called Ms Cai.,单个的verb-ing 形式作定语，放在所修饰的名词前面；Verb-ing 短语作定语则放在所修饰的名词之后。而且，作定语时，与现
8、在分词的区别，动名词作定语表示名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。,小 结 2,Translate the following phrases.,a reading room,a washing machine,an exciting evening,an interesting crosstalk,阅览室,洗衣机,激动人心的夜晚,有趣的相声,a sleeping car,a smoking room,listening practice,an opening speech,a booking office,running water,卧铺车,吸烟室,听力练习,开幕词,售票处
9、,自来水,2. Verb- ing form used as an object complement,I heard the girl singing in the classroom.,I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.,The baby watched his dad shaving his face with great interest.,We have the fire burning all day.,小 结 3,动词verb-ing 形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动
10、性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。,能跟-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词有：,have, keep, leave, look at, see, watch, hear, listen to, notice, find, feel 等。,3. Verb-ing form used as a predicative,动名词和现在分词都是由verb-ing构成，在句中都能作表语和定语: 1. 动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答 what的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答how的问题。eg. . One of the best exercises is swimmi
11、ng . What pleases him most is bathing in the sea,现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别: 凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式， 凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。 如：It was an exciting news.He was excited about the news.,interesting 使人感兴趣的; interested 感兴趣的 exciting 令人激动的; excited 感到激动的 delighting 令人高兴的; delighted 感到高兴的 disappointing 令人失望的; disappointed 感到失望的 en
12、couraging 令人鼓舞的; encouraged 感到鼓舞的,旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。,Traveling is interesting but tiring.,如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。,The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.,他的论点很令人信服。,His argument is very convincing.,1. Sixty million people _ (live) in rural areas are moving to the cities every year.
13、2. The bottle _ (contain) the poison was sent to the laboratory.,Practice,living,containing,Fill in the blanks with the verbs given using their proper forms.,Practices:,3. The man _ (sit) on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 4. Who is the girl _ (walk) along the river? 5. The childr
14、en _ (practice) playing the violin over there will give a performance next week.,sitting,walking,practicing,6. The man with sun-glasses _ (stand) near a car is a detective. 7. The old lady _ (talk) to the children is a famous musician. 8. The person _ (translate) the songs can speak seven languages.
15、,standing,talking,translating,12. You can see them _ (perform) every night this week at the New Theatre. 13. I could hear them _ (whisper) to each other during the first part of the play. 14. We watched the army _ (march) down the street towards the park.,performing,whispering,marching,A verb-ing ha
16、s perfect form,Take the verb work as an example: Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.,1. She gave her opinion about the new building. Then she left the meeting.Having given her opinion about
17、the new building, she left the meeting. 2. She made one last effort to see her husband. Then she returned home.Having made one last effort to see her husband, she returned home.,Rewrite the following sentences.,3. I admired her writing for many years. Then I finally met her.Having admired her writin
18、g for many years, I finally met her. 4. I was interested in the Kooris for many years. Then I decided to learn their language.Having been interested in the Kooris for many years, I decided to learn their language.,A. This is a letter to the editor of a newspaper. Complete the letter using the verb-i
19、ng form and then discuss with a partner what function the verb-ing form has in each sentence.,Dear Sir/Madam, _ (read) about your newspapers decision to start a campaign for protecting the environment, I decided to write you this letter.,Having read,The state of our parks is very (1) _ (shock), with
20、 rubbish everywhere. I used to find a trip to the park very (2) _ (relax). Upon the arrival of spring, beautiful birds would sing happily in the park. I enjoy this very much. Now I just find it (3) _ (tire) because I have to pick up the rubbish where I am going to sit.,shocking,relaxing,tiring,The g
21、rass is covered in plastic bags and food, and I am sad that the young people of today do not clean up before they leave the park.,There are so many (5) _ (interest) animals and insects (6) _ (live) in our parks. It would be a shame if they were destroyed because of peoples activities in the park.You
22、rs,Wang Qiang,interesting,living,B. Read this new report and fill in the blanks with words from the box below.,following keeping exciting walking moving falling,(1) _ News for Animal Lovers! Two people were arrested yesterday at a Paris airport for bringing animals into,Exciting,Europe from South Am
23、erica illegally. One of the customs officers saw a woman (2) _ in front of a group. Then he saw feathers (3) _ from under her coat. Having seen this, the customs officer asked the woman to come over to his desk.,walking,falling,He was surprised to find ten birds inside her coat. There was a short fa
24、t gentleman (4) _ her. Another customs officer called him over when it seemed he had a (5) _ stomach. On taking off his jacket, they found a tortoise.,following,moving,He had traveled on the plane like this, (7) _ the tortoise hidden in a blanket.,keeping,Verb-ing form as an adverb,Verb-ing形式作状语,Ver
25、b-ing短语在句子中可作状语，来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。Verb-ing 短语作状语一般表示一个次要的动作， 一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。,1. 作时间状语 Verb-ing 短语作时间状语要置于句首。如： Hearing the good news, my mother couldnt help laughing. =When my mother heard the good news, she couldnt help laughing.,Having received his letter, I decided to w
26、rite back. =After I had received his letter, I decided to write back. 收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。 2. 作原因状语 Verb-ing 短语作原因状语置于句首。如： Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.,=Because he was so angry, he couldnt go to sleep. 因为太生气了，他不能入睡。 Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didnt go last week. =Because (As
27、) he had been to the Great Wall many times, he didnt go last week. 因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。,3. 作条件状语 Verb-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末。如： Working hard, you will succeed. =If you work hard, you will succeed. 如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。,4. 作让步状语Verb-ing 短语作让步状语，可置于句首或句末，常与even if, though连用。,Though working from morning till night,
28、his father didnt get enough food. =Although his father worked from morning till night, he didnt get enough food. 虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。,5. 作伴随状语置于句首或句末。如： They came into the classroom, singing and laughing. =They sang and laughed; they came into the classroom. 他们又唱又笑地走进教室。,When working in the
29、 factory, he was an advanced worker. =When he worked in the factory, he was an advanced worker.,注意： 1. Verb-ing 短语与when, while, though, until, if 等连词连用时，相当于这些连词引导的一个从句。如：,Though willing to attend the party, he refused the invitation. =Though he was willing to attend the party, he refused the invitat
30、ion. While staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice. =While he was staying in Beijing, he came to see me twice.,If playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. =If you play all day, you will waste your valuable time. Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. =Though it was raining h
31、eavily, it cleared up very soon.,小 结Verb-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.,一般说来，verb-ing短语作状语时，其逻辑主语（即verb-ing动作的发出者）要与句子的主语保持一致；如不一致，则可用verb-
32、ing的独立（主格）结构作状语，即“名（代）词 + verb- ing”，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。 Weather permitting, we will have a football match tomorrow.,独立(主格)结构,一些独立结构： 1. Generally _ (speak), we have learnt a lot in this school. 2. _ (judge) from his appearance, he is somebody. 3. _ (tell) you the truth, your work is terrible.,speakin
33、g,Judging,To tell,Time for reflection,1. We can use a verb-ing as: _, _, _ and _. 2. The perfect form of a verb-ing is _. 3. Verb-ing phrases can express: _, _, _, and _.,the attributive,the predicative,the adverbial,the object complement,having + verb-ed,time,reason,result,condition,1. the course v
34、ery difficult, she decided to move to a lower level. A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found 【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处动词find与 主语she为主动关系且作原因状语，故用现 在分词finding。句意：（由于）她发现该课 程很难，她就决定转到低一水平的（课程）。,高考链接,2. _ basic first-aid techniques will helpyou respond quickly to emergencies. Known B. Having known C. Knowing
35、D. Being known【答案】C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。此句谓语为will help，因此所选非谓语动词做主语，故使用 动名词，答案选C。,3. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _ for her. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. was waiting【答案】C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。此题there be句型的主语mail后接后置定语，wait与mail间为主动关系，且wait这个动作正在进行，故选C，现在分词。,
36、4. The room is empty except for abookshelf _ in one corner. A. standing B. to stand C. stands D. stood 【答案】A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。现在分词 standing作bookshelf后置定语，表主动 进行。,5. _ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not【答案】A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。主
37、语the girl与 非谓语动词know之间为主动关系，故用现 在分词；且非谓语动词的否定式应在其前 加否定词。据此可知答案为A。此处分词 Not knowing在句中作原因状语。,6.I got to the office earlier that day, the 7:30 train from Paddington caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句意， 因为我赶上了7:30的车，所以那天我更 早地到了办公室，可知赶车发生在到办 公室之前，且与主语I之间为主动关系， 故使用现
38、在分词完成体表主动完成。,7. Tony lent me the money, _ that Id do as much for him. A. Hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped 8. _ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked,9. The party will be held in the garden, weather _. A. perm
39、itting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit 10. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _ in the South China Sea. A. attacking B. having attacking C. being attacked D. having been attacked,11. Pressed from his parents, and _ that he
40、has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games. A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized 12. _ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad. A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand,13. The lecture, _ at 7:00 pm last night, was foll
41、owed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A. starting B. being starting C. to start D. to be started 14. He got up late and hurried to his office, _ the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left,15. John has really got the job because he showed me the official lett
42、er _ him it. A. offered B. offering C. to offer D. to be offered 16. The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog _. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows,17. I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. A. to wind B. wind C.
43、 winding D. wound 18. _ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it soon or later. A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base,1. 因为不知道怎样去公园，他向警察求助。_, he turned to the police for help. 2. 整天忙着做饭，她看上去有些疲倦。_, she lookedtired. 3. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 _, he must be ill.,Not knowing how
44、to go to the park,Cooking all day long,Judging from his face,II: Translation.,4. 家长们不应该让孩子们整天学习。 Parents should not _. 5. 当我在街上走时，我看到他了。_, I saw him. 6. 只要你努力学习，就会成功。_.,have their children,studying all day,Walking in the street,Working hard, you will succeed,7. 他的父母去世了，给他留下一大笔钱。 His parents died, _. 8. 请用另外一种方法回答这个问题。_.“The trees were planted three years ago,”_(这位农民指着小山高兴地 说).,leaving him a lot of,money,Please answer the question using another way,said the farmer happily pointing,at the hills,Homework,1. Review grammar and finish the related exercise. 2. Preview task.,Thank you !,