1、117语法复习二十一：连 词连词分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词是连接主语与主语，谓语与谓语，句子与句子，分词与分词的词，它要求前后两部分有相同的形式和语法作用；而从属连词一般连接主句与从句，从句形式有名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句等。（一）并列连词：并列连词可用来连接词与词，词组与词组，分句与分句。常用的并列连词有：and（和） ，as well as（既又） ，both and（不但而且） ，not only but also（不但而且） ，not but（不是而是） ，neither nor（既不也不） ，either or（不是就是） ，or（或者） ，but （但是） ，yet
2、（然而） ，for（因为） ，so（所以） ，while（而） ，when（这时）等。如：Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy（暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious（光荣的）yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.（二）从属连词从属连词是指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有：引导时间状语从句的：a
3、fter, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论） , even if (though)引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as 引导结果状语从句的：so that , such that 引导目的状语从句的：so that , in order that 引导比较状语从句的：as as , not so (as) as , than 引导
4、方式状语从句的：as if 引导主语，宾语或表语从句的连词主要有：that, whether, if 三个。其中 that 和 whether 间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。（三）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1、当 while, when, as 引导时间状语从句时的区别：while 引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用 when 代替，等于 “at the time that”, “during the time that”。例如：Please keep quiet while (when) others are st
5、udying； when 除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于 “at the time”，也就是说when 引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如：When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when 不能换成 while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可换成 while）as 常可与 when，while 通用，但强调“一边、一边” 。例如：
6、As (when, while) I 118was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37. when 引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如：When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man./ Shell be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. when 有时代替 if，引导条件句，意为“如果 ”、 “假如” ，例如：Ill
7、come when (if) Im free.2、before 作连词一般表示时间，意为“在之前” ，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的翻译：He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。3、till, until 作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not until (till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到才” 。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动
8、词连用，表示“到为止” 。例如：They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didnt talk（延续性动词）until (till) the interpreter（译员）came./ He didnt go to bed（非延续性动词）until (till) the his father came back.；until 可以放在句首，till 则不行，例如：Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his w
9、ork did he go home.（倒装） ；till, until 只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用 as far as 或 to） 。4、because, since, as 引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用 because ,因此 because 引导的从句往往放在句末。用 why 提问的句子，一定用 because回答。例如：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部
10、分重要，就用 as，或 since。since 比 as 更正式些。as 和 since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now lets begin.5、although 和 though 引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：although 用于各种文体，而 though 则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中。注意由 although, though 引导的从句后，主句不能用 but，但可用副词 yet, still。例如：Although/ Though
11、 it rained all the morning, they still went on working.（或 yet they went on working）though 常与 even 连用，even though 表示强调，意为“即使” ，但不能说 even although，例如：Even though I didnt understand a word, I dept smiling. though 可用作副词，意为 “然而” ，常用逗号与句子分开。 although 则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如：It was a quiet party, I had a good tim
12、e, though.6、once 作副词译“曾经” ，作为连词译“一旦” ，引导条件状语从句。相当于 if 的加强形式。例如：I dont believe he was once a thief. (once 这里是副词)/ Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. (once连词)7、unless 引导条件状语从句等于 if not 。例如：Hell accept t
13、he job unless the salary is 119too low. ( = Hell accept the job if the salary is not too low.)8、在用 as if 引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如：He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用直陈语气。例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.9、whether, if 引导从句的用法区别：引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用 if。例如：Whether they will
14、 go to the Great Wall is not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. whether 可接不定式，而 if 则不可。例如：I havent decided whether to leave or not. whether 可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而 if 则不可。例如：Everything depend
15、s on whether we have enough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure. whether 和 if 均可引导宾语从句， whether 引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句， if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用 whether） ，例如：Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesnt rain. 引导宾语从句的 whether 和 if 常可与 or not 连用。连用时要注意 or
16、 not 的位置，它一般与 whether、if 分开使用，有时它可与 whether 合起来使用，但不能与 if 合起来使用。例如：I dont know whether/ if they will come or not./ I dont know whether or not they will come. if 可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果” ，whether 则不行。例如：If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、as 作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。 as 引导时间状语从句，意为 “当时” 。例如：As (he was) a you
17、ng man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked. as引导方式状语从句，意为“象一样” 。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us. as 引导原因状语从句。意为“由于” ，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest. as 引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然” 、 “尽管”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it we
18、ll.)另外， as 做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如： I have the same book as you.练习、连词1 .He is very old,_ he still works very hard. A. but B.if C.when D.as2. _ you are dismissed.A. Neither you go nor B. Either you go or C. Whether you go or D. Both you go and3. They had camped once before, _ they knew what to take.A. beca
19、use B. now C. so D. since4. Why these things happened was _ the driver had been careless. A. because of B. owing to C. due to D. that5. Although, its raining, _are still working in the fields.A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they6._we have satisfied you, you have no grounds of complaint.120A. S
20、o B. Since that C. Now that D. By now.7. Write clearly _ your teacher can understand .you correctly.A. since B. for C. because D. so that8.Youll miss the train _ you hurry up. A. unless B. as C. if D. until9. Francis did the task_ his brother. A. as good as B. as better as C. as well as D. as best a
21、s10.The size of the audience,_ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.A. as B. what C. that D. whom11.I thought he hated the TV .You are right,_ he still watches the program.A. yet B. besides C. also D. then12. It looks _ its going to rain. A. that B. as C. as if D. like that13._ to New York
22、, her father has not heard from her.A. Because she went B. After she went C. When she went D. Since she went14._he daydreamed, Peter saw figures in the sky. A. Until B. Since C. While D. During15. We arrived at the station _ the train had left. A. after B. before C. since D. when16._ he was in poor
23、health, he worked just as hard as everyone else.A. But B. Although C. Even if D. If17. Give me one more minute _ Ill have finished. A. so B. until C. and D. when18. The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months,_ he could not find any work.A. and B. yet C. or D. and but19. Hurry up, _ youll be l
24、ate. A. or B. and C. so D. yet20. Do not make the same mistake _ I did. A. so B. as C. like D. that21. My sister is expecting me,_ I must be off now. A. however B. or C. so D. otherwise22. We should pay attention _ to industry _ to agriculture.A. either, or B. neither, nor C. not, but D. both, and23
25、. He ran off_ I could stop him. A. before B. after C. since D. when24._ you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. A. Till B. Until C. After D. Since25. Where have you been _ you left home? A. before B. as C. since D. when 26._ the problem of method is solved, talking about the task is usele
26、ss.A. Until B. Since C. After D. Unless27. We have produced 15% more cotton this year_ we did last year.A. as B. than C. like D. white28.It is late; _, Im too tired to go out. A. besides B. except C. except for D. except that29. Everything around us is _ solid liquid _ gas.A. not .but. B. either .or
27、. C. neither .nor. D. whether .or.12130. He will come _ you ask him. A. whether B. unless C. if D. while31._ he will come or not is still unknown. A. If B. Where C. That D. Whether32.I don t know _ to stay at home or go out. A. whether B. if C. how D. where33. He spoke loudly _ the audience could he
28、ar him clearly.A. so B. that C. so that D. in order to34. The book is not easy._ its rather difficult.A. On the one hand B. On the contrary C. On the other hand D. On the other contrary35. You must work hard,_ you will not learn English well.A. if B. whether C. otherwise D. unless36. It rained heavi
29、ly,_ the basketball match had to be put off.A. so that B. when C. otherwise D. therefore37. We must do _ the people want us to doA. whatever B. however C. wherever D. whenever38. You are certainly right,_ others may say. A. what B. whatever C. that D. as39._ makes mistakes must correct them. A. Who
30、B. What C. Whoever D. Whatever40.Ill discuss it with you _ you like to come. A. when B. where C. whoever D. whenever41._ you work, you must always serve the people heart and soul.A. Wherever B. Whenever C. Where D. When42._you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.A. Once B. At o
31、nce C. Only D. Only then43._ difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.A. No matter how B. No matter what C. No matter when D. No matter where44. We can surely overcome these difficulties _,_ we are closely united.A. so far as B. so long as C. as soon as D. as well as45._ I know he wil
32、l stay here for half a year.A. as soon as B. as long as C. so far as D. as well as46. Please write me _ you arrive in New York.A. as well as B. so long as C. as far as D. as soon as47. That is not _ I want. A. that B. why C. what D. whose48. _ he did it remains a secret. A. What B. Whom C. Which D.
33、How49. It is quite clear _ he wont see us. A. what B. that C. why D. how50. Would you tell me _ way I should take? A. what B. that C. which D. whose12251. I am sure _ you said is true. A. what B. that C. which D. who52. The trouble is _ we can not find such an expert.A. why B. that C. where D. /53.
34、It has not been decided _ they will leave.A. why B. when C. which D. what54. We shall go _ you are ready. A. while B. as soon as C. as D. since55. He will tell you about it _ you get there. A. while B. as C. when D. /56. Dont try to get off the bus _ it has stopped.A. while B. as C. since D. before5
35、7. Ill come and see you _ I go to the countryside.A. while B. when . C. as soon as D. before58. _ he came to study in the university, he has made much progress in the study of English.A. While B. When C. Since D. After59. Things have changed a lot _ I wrote to you last time.A. when B. since C. as D.
36、 before60. I cant use your pen, _ there is no ink in it. A. for B. when C. if D. whether 61. Id like to go swimming _ the water is not too cold.A. for B. unless C. if D. whether62. Difficulties are nothing _ we are not afraid of them.A. for B. as C. if D. whether63. The doctor will not perform the o
37、peration _ it is absolutely necessary.A. when B. if C. for D. unless64. Go back _ you came from. A. until B. where C. which D. when65. He lay _ the grass was the thickest. A. where B. when C. that D. after66. You will find friendly people _ you go in China.A. where B. and C. wherever D. so67. _ it w
38、as already dark, they went on working in the fields.A. If B. Whether C. But D. Though68. _ he has finished writing the novel is unknown. A. If B. Whether C. When D. While69. Well go and see the patient _we are busy. A. even if B. for C. if D. while70. The museum is _ far _ it will take us half an hour to get there by bus.A. such. that B. as.as C. so.that D. so as123语法复习二十一：连 词15 ABCDA 610 CDACA 1115 ACDBA 1620 BCBAB 2125 CDABC 2630 BBABC 3135 DACBC 3640 AABCD 4145 AAABC 4650 DCDBC 5155 ABBBC 5660 DDCBA 6165 CCDBA 6670 CDBAC