1、Grammar and usage,Non-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句,Finish the attributive clauses below:,1. The lesson _ we studied yesterday was hard to understand. 2. You can take any book _ interests you best.,that,which / that,Practice,3. People like to live in a place _ theres fresh air and little
2、noise. 4. The girl _ you saw at the meeting is a well-known swimmer. 5. He is the very worker _ picture we saw in the newspaper yesterday. 6. He was very happy on the day _ he entered the university.,where,whom / that,whose,on which,when /,7. I never really understand the reason _ he made such a ser
3、ious mistake. 8. Dont read such books _ you cannotunderstand. 9. Is that the student _ you lent your dictionary?,to whom,why,as,10. Is this the new novel _ you have talked so much? 11. The little hero, _ has given his life for his country, will always live in the heart of the people.,who,which / tha
4、t,Whats the difference between No. 10 and No. 11? No. No. 10 is a restrictive clause while No. 11 with a comma is a non-restrictive clause.,Question:,1.定语从句(attributive clauses)通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有: which(指物), that(既可指人又可指物), who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语), whom (指人，在定语从句中作宾语),whose(指人或物，作定语)等。关系副词有: when(
5、指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)等。,Explanation,2. 定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive )和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)两种。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。,Try to find the attributive clauses in the Reading section on page 42-43 and tell their functions.,restrictive attributive clauses: 1. They contain a harm
6、ful chemical that caused my liver to fail.,Practice,2. We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we? 3. This is really a touching storya stranger who donated part of his liver to a girl he doesnt even know!,1. My mother, whom you met last year, keeps telling me not to take them because they
7、are dangerous. 2. Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less, which are quite popular among young women here.,non-restrictive attributive clauses:,3. Then the doctor found someone in your country, whose name is Li Dong, was an exact match for me. 4. Its the same in Chinamany people, some of whom ar
8、e not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.,Differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.,Discussion,Look at the following examples and tell the differences between the sentences.,1. His father, who works in
9、 Beijing, came back yesterday. 2. Shanghai, which is in East China, is developing rapidly.,Example 1,Conclusion 1,当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。,1. I have a sister who / that works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2. I have a sister, who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。,Example 2,不只一位姐姐,
10、只有一位姐姐,3. The magazines here which / that have nice pictures in them were written by him. 里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4. The magazines here, which have nice pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的杂志都是他写的, 里面都有漂亮的图画。,杂志有两类,杂志只有一类,Conclusion 2,1. 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。 2. 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补
11、充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。,This is the house (which/ that )we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。,Example 3,限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句,3. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没领会我的意思, 这使我心烦。,非限制性定语从句,Conclusion 3,
12、1. 限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。 2. 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导且关系代词不可以省略。,1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will visit our school soon. 2. In those days, she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time. 3. I bought a car yesterday, _ cost me a lot.,which,
13、whom,who,Practice,4. Xian, _I visited last year, is a nice old city. 5. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy. 6. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.,which,where,when,7. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. 8. _ we all know, he is g
14、ood at English.,As,which,非限制性定语从句考点归纳：,as 和which引导非限制性定语从句, 代替整个主句。,1. As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history. 众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。,Example:,2. She is a teacher, as is clear from her manner. 她是个教师, 这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。 3. He missed the show, which was really a great pity. 他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾
15、。,4. He invited me to dinner, which made me very happy. 他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。,Conclusion,1. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时, as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。,2. as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不同之处在于： (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。 (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若从句中的谓
16、语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。另外,as引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。,Practice,Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise. 2. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. 3. _ is expected, the England team won the football match.,As,which,which,4. It rained hard yester
17、day, _ prevented me from going to the park. 5. _ we can see, the smoke came from the little dustbin.,which,As,II. all / some/ of + whom / which引导非限制性定语从句,Example:,He has told us many stories, all of which are about the famous Long Match. 2. The students of Class 1, some of whom came from Japan, went
18、 camping yesterday.,Conclusion,在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如 all/ some/ one/ both/ neither/ none/ any/ either/ any 等可与 of 构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则用which引导从句。,1. Many students in this school, some of which are not overweight, are going on diets. 2. There are 5
19、4 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.,whom,Correction:,them,3. Half a million pairs of shoes are produced by the workers here every year, 80% of whom are sold abroad. 4. I have many friends in this town, some of which are businessman. 5. I am doing different types of exercises, all of
20、 them are quite helpful to my health.,which,which 或 all 前加and,whom,A.Join each pair of sentences to form one sentence, using one of them as o non-restrictive atttribute clause with whose, which, where or when.,1. Amy is an actress. She is Zhou Lings friend.,Amy, who is an actress, is Zhou Lings frie
21、nd./ Amy, who is Zhou Lings friend, is an actress.,2. The doctors at the hospital tried their best to save Amy. Amy spent about twomonths in that hospital.,The doctors at the hospital, where Amy spent about two months, tried their best to save Amy./ The doctors at the hospital tried their best to sa
22、ve Amy, who spent about two months.,3. Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables. All of them are good for her health,Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables, all of which are good for her health.,4. Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the afternoon. It is fine and warm in theafternoon.,Amy sometimes goes fo
23、r a walk in the afternoon, when it is fine and warm.,5.My uncle is an engineer and is working in Beijing. I told you about him yesterday.,My uncle,whom I told you about yesterday /about whom I told you yesterday, is an engineer and is working in Beijing.,6.Mike has decided to visit the Great Wall ne
24、xt month. His hobby is travelling.,Mike,whose hobby is travelling, has decided to visit the Great Wall next month.,B:Below is a message and some replies that were posted on a health website. Compare them with who,whose, which, where or when.,Hi, there I have a good friend,_ is really thin. Yet he wa
25、nts to become a great athlete. Every week he goes to the gym, _ he exercises and lifts weights. But the fact is that it does not work, _ makes him unhappy. Now he is considering taking some pills, _ he thinks will help him become stronger. Does anyone know its safe to take these pills? Chris,who,whe
26、re,which,which,Hi, Chris I think going to a gym is a good way to keep healthy and strong. If your friend wants to be stronger, he should try to go there more often. Yes, there are some pills to make you look strong. However, they have side effects,_ will damage your health. After taking this kind of
27、 pill for some time, your friends hair might fall out or he might have health problems, some of friends hair _ may even affect his liver or heart.,which,which,Some athletes,_ achievements were great, died very young because they took these kinds of pills. I dont think your friend should take the ris
28、k. Tell your friend not to take the pills because he may have health problems in the future,_ it is too late.,whose,when,Hi, Chris I just read your post and would like to tell you about my brother,_ had the same problem as your friend. You never mentioned how old your friend is, but when my brother
29、was about eighteen years old, he was quiet thin. At that time, there were some new pills in the shops,so he tired them.,who,However,unlike what Jeff said, they didnt make my brothers hair fall out. By the way, do you which pills your friend is thinking of taking? Whose idea was it to take them? Be c
30、areful where you get them from,because the pills that my brother used made his hair turn grey. My brother, _ is now thirty-four, is still thin, but at least hes healthy. Jonathan,who,Practice time,Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him. A
31、. who B. that C. what D. which,2. The English play, _ my students acted at the New Years party ,was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which,3. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that 4. Great changes have taken pla
32、ce in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped.A. when B. which C. what D. that,5. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _is often the case in other countries A. it B. that C. as D .so,6. Recently I bought an
33、 ancient Chinese vase, _was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose,7. Mr. Smith will move into his new house next Sunday, _ it will be completely finished. A. by the time B. on that time C. on which D. by which time 8. Have you seen the film “Titanic
34、”, _ leading actor is world-famous?A .its B .its C. whose D. which,9. Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for my daughter? Yes, just across the street. A. here B which C. where D. it 10. Jiuzhaigou Valley is a most famous place of interest,_ I will never forget in my li
35、fe. A. it B. that C. one D. what,1. This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that were,B,D,Comparison,2. He has two sons, _ are college students. He has two sons, and _
36、 are college students. A. both of which B. both of whom C. both of them D. both of it,C,B,3. He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east. He still lives in the room, the window _ faces to the east. He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city. He still lives in the room _ there
37、 is a beautiful table. A. which B. whose C. where D. of which,C,A,D,B,4. _ we all know, China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known, China is rich in natural resources.A. Which B. As C. It D. That,B,C,B,5. Is this museum _ he visited l
38、ast month? The teacher tells us that _ cleans the blackboard is to be praised. A. that B. the one C. which D. the one who,B,D,1. Go over the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses. 2. Finish the exercises of Part A and B on p48-49 in your textbook. 3. Finish Part C1 on P96 in your workb
39、ook.,Homework,Question tags,Do you often say “I love you” to your parents? How do you say that?,Sometimes you may ask them:,You love me, dont you?,1. What are question tags?,Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements.,Discussion,2. Look at the following examples and tell in
40、 what different situations the question tags are used.,Example 1: Its a lovely day, isnt it? Situation 1: to start a conversation Example 2: Neither of you has heard the news, have you? Situation 2: to request information in a more polite way.,Example 3: Pass the knife on the table to me, will you?
41、Situation 3: to soften an order or a request for someone to do something.,Situation 4: 1. to ask for agreement, using a falling tone.(The speaker is sure about what is said.) 2. to ask for confirmation, using a rising tone.(The speaker is not sure about what is said.),Example 4: 1. Youre a high scho
42、ol student, arent you? 2. Youre a high school student, arent you?,Try to find the question tags in the Reading section on page 42-43 and tell the situations and tones.,Practice:,1. Looking good is important to women, isnt it? I was lucky, wasnt I? We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we
43、?,Examples,All the question tags above are used to ask for agreement by the writer and they should be read in a falling tone.,Conclusion:,Discussion,Pair work,1. What are the two kinds of question tags? Positive question tags and negative question tags. 2. How are question tags formed? Usually a neg
44、ative question tag is used at the end of a positive statement; a positive question tag is used at the end of a negative statement.,Formation of question tags:,Neither of you will have coffee, will you? No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argue
45、s with people, does she?,Example 1,When the main clause uses negative words like neither, none, nobody, nothing, few, little, never, hardly or seldom, it is followed by a positive question tag.,Conclusion 1,e.g. There are a group of little children in the museum, _ ?,arent there,What does the word “little” mean here? “Small or young” rather than “almost no”.,