1、Period 2 A sample plan for Learning about Language(The attributive clause ) IntroductionIn this period students will be helped by the teacher first to discover useful words and expressions, and then to discover and use useful structures: The attributive clause Objectives To help students learn to us
2、e attributive clauses introduced by where, when, why, and prep.+ which/ whom To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions To help students discover and learn to use some useful structuresProcedures1. Warming up by describing yourself with three wordsUse three positive
3、 words that describe you. Dont use short, tall, fat, skinny, etc. Dont describe how you look. Use friendly, energetic, positive, something like that. But make sure you can back it up. If you arent a friendly person, dont put friendly. Dont tell them you are not, but dont put it if you arent.Others a
4、nswers:ethical, empathetic and diligent; flexible, self-motivated, reliable; hardworking, ambitious and optimistic; honest, Confident, Team player Now turn to page 36 and do exercises No. 1 and 2. Check your answers against your classmates. 2. Reading to findingTurn back to page 34. Read the text of
5、 ELIAS STORY and find out all the attributive clauses. Think over this question: On what circumstance do we use when/ where/ why to introduce an attributive clause? For reference: The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.The school where I studied only tow year
6、s was three kilometers away.This was a time when you had got to live in Beijing.The day when Nelson Mandela told me what to do and helped me was one of the happiest days of my life.We have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.The parts of town where they lived were places decided by
7、 white people.The places where they were sent to live were the poorest areas in South Africa.3. Doing exercises and find out whyTurn to page 36. Do Ex.3. Then compare the following sentences and find out why we use different words to introduce the attributive clauses while the antecedents are the sa
8、me.a. The government building where we voted was very grand.b. The government building which/ that we paid a visit to yesterday was very grand.c. The government building in which we voted was very grand.In sentence a), a relative adverb “where” is used because it refers to “in the government buildin
9、g” which serves as the adverbial in the attributive clause. “in which” can also be used as in sentence c) because it also means “in the government building” in the attributive clause. While in sentence b), a relative pronoun “which” is used as it refers to “the government building” which serves as t
10、he object of the predicate “visited” in the attributive clause.Compare another three sentences:a. The date when I arrived was the 5th August.b. The date which/ that he told me was the 5th August.c. The date on which I arrived was the 5th August.In sentence a), a relative adverb “when” is used becaus
11、e it refers to “on that date” which serves as the adverbial in the attributive clause. “in which” can also be used as in sentence c) because it also means “on that date” in the attributive clause. While in sentence b), a relative pronoun “which” is used as it refers to “the date” serving as the obje
12、ct of the predicate “told” in the attributive clause.Read the following sentences.a. The reason why I got a job was because of my hard work.b. The reason that/ which he gave for getting the job was because of his hard work.c. The reason for which I got a job was because of my hard work.In sentence a
13、), a relative adverb “why” is used because it refers to “for this reason” which serves as the adverbial in the attributive clause. “for which” can also be used as in sentence c) because it also means “for this reason” in the attributive clause. While in sentence b), a relative pronoun “which/that” i
14、s used as it refers to “the reason” serving as the object of the predicate “gave” in the attributive clause.4. Choosing the best answer1. Alec asked the policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. （2004 上海秋季）A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom2. American women usually id
15、entify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. (2004 全国秋季)A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom3. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which4. A fast food restaurant is the place _, just as the
16、name suggests, eating is performed quickly. （2004 上海春季）A. which B. where C. there D. what5. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. （2005 上海秋季）A. that B. which C. when D. where6. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose contro
17、l over the plane.（2001 上海秋季）A. where B. which C. while D. why7. I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. （2003 上海秋季）A. why B. which C. as D. where答案和解析: 1、2 两题的答案分别是 C、D。第一句根据句子意思需选择介词 with，从而构成 work with the policeman
18、；第二句根据句子意思需选择介词 with，从而构成 talk with someone。这两句句子中的关系代词作定语从句中的介词 with 的宾语，指人，而介词 with 又位于它的前面，这时就只能用 whom。3 题答案是 C。根据句子意思需选择介词 in，从而构成 act in the play。关系代词在此是指 play，指物，因此选择 in which。注意：如果定语从句谓语动词为介词动词，那么介词必须后置，不能与动词拆开置于关系代词前面。如：It is not necessary to look up in a dictionary every word (that) we come
19、 across in our reading. The boy wont tell us the thing (which) he is afraid of. 4 题答案是 B。这是一句限制性定语从句，关系副词指代 in a fast food restaurant，指地点，因此选择 where。5 题答案是 D。这里的关系副词指代 on chairs，指地点，因此选择 where。6 题答案是 A。根据句意 “他使得自己处于非常危险的境况中，（在这个境况中）他可能失去对飞机的控制”，所选择的关联词应该在定语从句中作地点状语，表示 in the situation。7 题答案是 D。定语从句的
20、先行词 cases 在此意为“实例，情况”，根据从句的意思“在这些例子中（情境中）”，先行词在从句中应该担当状语成分，表示 in many cases。注意：where 这个词不仅仅可以表地点，某人/物的情况、某事发展的阶段、某事的某个方面都可以用 where 这个关系副词来表达。如：I work in a business where almost everyone is waiting for a great success. The accident had reached to a point where both their parents were to be called in.
21、 5. Summing up when/where/why attributive clauses when， where， why 属于关系副词，都在其引导的定语从句中充当状语，其具体用法如下：1. 关系副词 when 引导定语从句（包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）修饰表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中充当时间状语。例如：I still remember the day when I first met Jennifer.我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown,
22、 is approaching. 下个月即将来临， 届时你们将在家乡度暑假。2. 关系副词 where 引导定语从句（包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）修饰表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中充当地点状语。例如：This is the office where he worked. 这就是他工作过的办公室。She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去定居，在那里她有几个密友。3. 关系副词 why 引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如： I dont know t
23、he reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。That is the reason why I dont want to go. 那就是我不想去的理由。He didnt tell me the reason why he was so upset.他没有告诉我他为什么那样心烦意乱。注意： 关系代词与关系副词之间并非毫无关联， 两者之间存在密切的联系。在备考中尤其要注意以下几点：1. 很多情况下关系副词用“介词which/whom”来代替，其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定，例如：The day when I met the famou
24、s pop star was the greatest day of my life. = The day on which I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life.见到这位著名歌星的那天是我一生中最重要的日子。I shall never forget those years when I lived with her. = I shall never forget those years during which I lived with her. 我将永远不会忘记我跟她生活的那些岁月。This is a hall
25、where the medical conference will be held. = This is a hall in which the medical conference will be held. 这是礼堂，医学会议将在此召开。2. 并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用 when 或 where 来引导相应的定语从句，若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、宾语等而不是状语时，需用 which 或 that 引导相应的定语从句。例如：Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in sch
26、ool? 你还记得我们一起在学校度过的那些日子吗？先行词 the days 表时间，但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语，因此不能用 when 而应该用 which 或 that。3. that 有时可以代替定语从句中的关系副词 when， where， why，且that 常可以省略，例如：This is the time （when/that） he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。 6. Closing down by summing up To end this period let sum up what we learned about the attributi
27、ve Clause Antecedent Relative Sentence elementwho that subject objectpeoplewhom objectthings which that subject objectwhich that Subject objecttimewhen prep.+ whichadverbialwhich that Subject objectplace where prep.+ which adverbialreason why prep.+ which adverbialNote: relatives can be omitted if they serve as the objects in the attributive clauses.