1、Grammar Non-finite Verbs,非,谓语动词,动名词 gerund,不定式 infinitive,分词 participle,非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,2形式,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。 动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。 分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。,1 动词-ing形式的一般式
2、可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 2 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。,3 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.
3、 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。,动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 点 津 坊 在现代英语中，作宾语的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.
4、 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 (=I rally regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 (=We remembered having seen the film.),动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。 The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。I cant stand being kept waiting. 我不
5、堪久等。 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library. 在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。,动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。 His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。,1 动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。 Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而
6、把真正的主语放在句末。It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 Its a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。,必 背 动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。 Its no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。 It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。 Its worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。 There is no sayi
7、ng when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。 There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。,1 表示主语的内容 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 2 表示主语具有的特征 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。,1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2. My aim is _( go ) to
8、Tsinghua University. 3. One of my bad habit is _(bite ) nails（指甲）.,动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。 1 能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。 只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。) Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了！ I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这
9、件事。,只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词：建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿； 放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成； 注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁； 允许习惯不介意，价值开始想动名。,1.He was in low spirits and even consider _(go ) away. 2.Practise _( put ) your hand to the ground. 3.I cant help _( have ) the trip to Britain. 4.Dont tell me you always escape _( fine) because you have a fast
10、 sports car. 5.Leave off _(bite) your nails! 6.He didnt feel like _( work ), so he suggested _( spend ) the day in the garden. 7.You certainly mustnt miss _( see ) the wonderful film.,8.The doctor advised _( stay ) longer in hospital. 9.We appreciate your _( want ) _( help ) us in our difficulties.
11、10.Michael has delayed _( write ) to her till today. 11.The law forbids _( sell )liquor to children. 12.They all suggested _( give ) more chances. 13.Can you imagine _( leave ) standing outside for a whole night. 14.They built the banks to prevent the area from _( flood).,必 背 只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有
12、：admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意 fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁, 既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语 这类
13、动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语，也能用不定式作宾语，但用法并不相同，主要有以下几种情况：有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。 They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。 I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典。 提 示 应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。 I am st
14、arting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。 避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。,有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。 come to do表示一个渐渐发展的过程 I hope we shall be friends and come to understand one another.我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解 come doing表示陪衬性的动作 It was already two oclock when she came hu
15、rrying in. 她急急忙忙跑进来时已经两点了。,go on to do做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事 Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。 go on doing继续做同一件事。 Though it was raining heavily, they went on working, 尽管天下着大雨，他们仍然继续工作。 mean to do想要做某事 I didnt mean to hurt you. 我并不想要伤害
16、你。mean doing意味着要有一个结果 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。,regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾 I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. 很遗憾，我明天必须离开了。regret doing对所做的事感到后悔 I regret not having told her earlier.没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。remember to do 讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记” Remember to lock the door when
17、 you leave. 离开时记得要锁门。remember doing 讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来” I remember posting that letter. 我记得寄了那封信。,forget to do忘记要做某事 She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service. 她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事 Ill never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time. 我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。stop
18、 to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事 While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。stop doing停止正在做的事 When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking. 教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了说话。,try to do设法做某事 I must try to get everything ready before he arrives. 在他到来之前，我必须尽力把一切都准备好。try doing
19、试验做某事 Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？,need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。 Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected. 你的作文需要修改。 His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 他的外套需要洗了。 The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be loo
20、ked after carefully. 这个老大娘需要细心地照料。 2 作介词宾语 动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。,1 动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。We heard the children shouting upstairs. 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 I felt my heart beating violently. 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。,2 动
21、词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。,3 动词-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, ca
22、tch等表示“致使“的动词后作宾语补足语。 They should not leave us wondering what they will do next. 他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。 I wont have you running about in the room. 我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。 We kept the fire burning all night long. 我们让火整夜燃烧着。 点 津 坊 如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。 I saw him enter the room sit down and ligh
23、t a cigarette. 我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。,1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a method of working 工作方法 必 背 a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机 a swimming pool 游泳池 a waiting room 候车室
24、a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证 a singing competition 歌咏比赛 a walking stick 手杖, 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem
25、that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题,必 背 a barking dog 狂吠的狗 a disappointing play 令人失望的戏剧 an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险 a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun 落日 the coming week 下一周,2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to th
26、e laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去 They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 3 某些情况下，动词-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天来的教授将要
27、给我们作一个讲座。, 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常
28、位于句末。 1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full preparations.) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.),3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a
29、lot of money. = and left him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱. 4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。 5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. = Although they knew all this.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。,
30、e.g._a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not received,e.g. Having finished my homework,I went to watchTV.,C,没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用having done ;此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为not doing/not having done; 故选 c,6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
31、 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. = .and stared at the sky for a long time他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。,-ing 形式,-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法,A,He rushed to the train station, only _ the train had gone.,A. finding B. found C. finds D. to find,D,Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作
32、结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：,His parents died, leaving him an orphan.,He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed,动 词 -ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语,动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。 Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 (Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来) 点 津 坊 如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自
33、己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s) His fathers falling ill worried him greatly. 他父亲生病使他很着急。 (his father是falling ill的逻辑主语),动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her),动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。 an i
34、nteresting book 一本有意思的书= a book that interests its readersa running stream 一条奔流的小溪 = a stream that is running,如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。 The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. 正在北京召开的会议非常重要。 (the meeting和“举行“之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held),动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作
35、的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。 比 较He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”) He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是“我”)Would you mind opening the window? 请你把窗子打开好吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”) Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我把窗子打开吗？ (opening the windo
36、w的逻辑主语是“我”),动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。 We often hear her singing this song. 我们经常听见她唱这首歌。 (singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”) We often hear this song (being) sung. 我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。 (逻辑主语“this song“和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。),1 动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Entering the classroom, I found no
37、body in it. 如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。 【误】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful. (looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对) 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.,【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started bar
38、king. (逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报) 【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.,必 背 高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, j
39、udging from.,considering., talking of., supposing.等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。 Generally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣. Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大. Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him atten
40、d the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。 Supposing it rains, what will you do?假使下雨，你会怎么办呢？,B) 关于逻辑主语的问题1. _to the meeting surprised all of theboards.A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming2. Its no use _ that you didnt know therules.A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your p
41、retending D. your pretendChange the following into the simple sentences. That Peter didnt attend the meeting made it put off.,不定式,1不定式作主语： 1) change the following into the infinitive 1. _( die ) for people is a glorious thing. 2. _( talk ) with him is a great pleasure. 3. _( help ) others is our dut
42、y. 4. _( see ) is to believe. 2) change the sentences above into the onesusing “it” as informal.,3)A: 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for 引起的短语。 It is easy for the students to read. It will be a mistake for us to help you.,在“It is + 形容词 + of sb + 不定式“结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clev
43、er, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。在“It is + 形容词 + for sb + 不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 比 较 It is good of you to help me with my English. 你真好，帮助我学英语。 (强调you
44、的特征=You are good to help me.) It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒烟对你有好处。 (强调的是give up smoking这一行为= For you to give up smoking is good.),2不定式作表语1. Her work is _( look )after thechildren.2. My aim is _( go ) to TsinghuaUniversity.3. She seemed _( think ) about theproblem.,3不定式作宾语：有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常
45、见的动词有：want, demand, like, hate, hope, begin, seem, fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, forget, remember, promise, prepare, learn, expect, agree, determine, prefer, intend, etc.,They wanted _( get ) on the bus, didnt they? He said he wished_(be )a professor. I agreed_ (go ) there with the doctor. My
46、daughter preferred _( dance ) when she was in her twenties. He had promised _(give) me a hand.,比 较 一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。 Smoking is forbidden here. 这里禁止吸烟。(泛指) Its not good for you to smoke so much. 吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体) They prefer staying indoors w
47、hen the weather is cold. 天冷时他们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening? 今晚你想待在家里吗？(具体) I like singing ,but I dont like to sing this night .,4.不定式作宾语补足语A)1. I didnt want my parents _(help ) me.2. Wed prefer you _( take ) the jobinstead of Zhang.3. The school ordered all the classroom_( clean ).4. My parents expect me _( go )to a ideal university.5. Joan promised the dinner _( cook ) before we returned.6. The doctor advised the patient _( take ) two pills every four hours.7. He determined me_( tell ) everything.,