1、人教版(2024)七年级上册英语语法复习:介词知识讲义学习目标1. 概述:定义、特点2. 介词的分类 (1) 根据介词的构成形式分类 (2) 根据介词的意义分类 表示时间的介词;表示地点和方位的介词;表示方式、手段或工具的介词; 表示其他含义的介词3. 常用介词的用法和辨析 4. 介词的宾语5. 介词短语的作用、位置及固定搭配 6. 介词的省略(了解)7. 方法清单 概述1. 定义:介词是用来表明名词、代词或相当于名词的部分与句中其他词的关系的词。2. 特点:介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独作句子成分,需要和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。 介词的分类l 根据介词的构成形式分类1. 简单介词:由一个
2、词构成的介词。at 在处/时in 在里面on 在上面 for 长达/给/为了/由于near 在附近after 在之后before 在之前with 和一起behind 在之后against 反对/紧靠/倚beyond 超出about 关于2. 合成介词:由两个词合成的介词。inside 在里面outside 在外面onto 朝/向into 进入upon 在上面within 在范围内without 没有throughout 遍及toward 向(着)3. 双重介词:两个简单介词连用在一起构成的介词。from behind 从后面until after 直到后from among 从中间4. 短语介
3、词:以短语的形式呈现,在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的介词。instead of 替代in place of 取代thanks to 多亏according to 根据due to 由于on account of 由于in front of 在前面on behalf of 代表in spite of 不管/尽管at the back of 在后面at the top of 在顶上at the bottom of 在底部on the point of 在时刻apart from 除之外(都)/除了外(还)5. V-ing形式介词:在英语中有一部分V-ing形式具备介词的性质。including
4、 包括considering 考虑到regarding 关于concerning 关于/涉及l 根据介词的意义分类1. 表示时间的介词 (1) 表示时间的常用介词介词用法例词/例句at表示在具体的时间点,常用于表示钟点、夜里、中午、拂晓、几岁等的词组中at Christmas 在圣诞节;at that time 在那时;at half past five 在五点半;at 7:30 在七点半;at night 在晚上;at midnight 在午夜;at noon 在中午;at sunset 在日落时;at breakfast 吃早餐时;at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黄昏;at daybre
5、ak/sunrise 在拂晓/日出时; at the beginning of 在开始时;at the end of 在结束时;at first 首先;at the age of 在岁时;at last 最后/终于;at the moment 此刻;at present 目前in用于表示世纪、年、月、季节,在上午/下午/晚上/白天等。in 1995 在1995年;in August 在八月;in May, 1992 在1992年5月;in the 21st century 在21世纪;in the 1980s/1980s 在20世纪80年代; in the morning/afternoon/
6、evening 在上/下午/晚上;in spring/summer/autumn/winter 在春/夏/秋/冬季in the daytime 在白天;in ones life 在某人一生中;in the future 在将来on用于表示确定的时间 (具体日期/星期/节日等),具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上或一般节日等。on December 1st, 2010 在2010年12月1日;on Monday 在星期一;on Mondays 每逢星期一;on a rainy day 在一个雨天;on the following day 在第二天;on Monday morning 在星期
7、一上午;on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早晨;on the following evening 在第二天晚上;on the morning of April the first 在四月一日上午;on the night of October 22nd 在10月22日晚上;on Christmas Day 在圣诞节那天;on Teachers Day 在教师节那天by意为“不迟于/到为止/在之前”。若by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用;若by后是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用;若by 后接现在的时间,句子时态用现在完成时。They had seen four English fi
8、lms by the end of last week. 到上周末为止他们已经看过四部英语电影。By this time next week well be in New York.下周的这个时候我们将在纽约。Supper will be ready by 6:00. 六点之前晚饭将准备好。sincesince 用作介词时,意为“自从/自以后”。指从某时一直延续至今,后接时间点,通常与完成时连用。The factory has been there since 1989.那家工厂自1989年就在那里了。She hasnt been home since her marriage.她自结婚以后就
9、未曾回过家。from (.to)表示开始的时间,意为“从(到)”,谓语可用过去、现在或将来时态。From now on, I will learn English in the mornings.从现在起,我将在早晨学英语。Students go to school from Monday to Friday.学生们周一至周五上学。before指时间,“在以前”,后面一般接时间点。I will get to Australia before Friday.我将于周五之前到达澳大利亚。Dont arrive before 12:00 tomorrow.明天别在12点之前到。afterafter
10、指时间,“在之后”,后面接时间点/段。接时间段时,多和过去时连用;接时间点时,多和将来时连用。He came back after a few days. 几天后他回来了。Ill call you after 4:30. 四点半以后我给你打电话。 口诀:in年in月in季节,on后具体某一天,at用在点钟前。早晚下午都用in,年龄、中午、深夜用at,有修饰成分必用on。 注意: 在以 this, that, next, last, tomorrow, yesterday, every 等开头的时间状语前不用介词。e.g. I will go to Beijing next week. 在含有
11、one, every, some, all 等的时间状语前不用介词。e.g. We hope to go to the moon some day.e.g. Hes worked hard all year. since还可以用作连词,用来引导一个时间状语从句。e.g. Great changes have taken place since he left. 自从他离开以后发生了巨大的变化。 before还可用作连词,后面接从句。e.g. You had better wash your feet before you go to bed. 你在睡觉之前最好洗脚。【练】( ) 1. - Do
12、 you know Mo Yan?- Of course. He won the 2012 Nobel Prize for literature _ the age of 57.A. inB. atC. onD. to( ) 2. Our school sports meeting will be held the coming April.A. onB. in C. at D. to( ) 3. Its nice to have a walk _ a cool summer evening.A. inB. atC. forD. on( ) 4. The Qingming Festival o
13、f this year fell _ April 5th and thousands of cars poured into high-ways _ the early morning of the holiday.A. on; in B. in; on C. on; onD. in; in( ) 5. Im looking after Tom today. Hes been in my house _ 8:00 this morning.A. at B. for C. since D. till( ) 6. Lucy lived in Beijing from 2008 _ 2012.A.
14、on B. toC. atD. of( ) 7. My parents usually take a walk _ dinner to keep healthy.A. atB. ofC. duringD. after答案:BBDCCBD(2) 表示一段时间的介词介词用法例词/例句inin 表示从现在算起到一段时间以后,意为“在内”/“在后”,用于一般将来时或过去将来时。in three days 三天后In a few years time, those mountains will be covered with trees. 几年后,那些山上将全种上树。Can you finish dra
15、wing a good horse in five minutes?你能在五分钟内画一匹好看的马吗?duringduring 表示“在期间”,强调“自始至终”。during the night 在晚上;during the meal 在吃饭过程中during the fire 在发生火灾期间;during the meeting 在开会期间;He wants Mr. Hu to give Jim some work to do during the holiday. 他想要胡先生在假期给吉姆一些工作做。During those three months, he asked a lot of q
16、uestions. 在那三个月期间,他问了许多问题。for“for+一段时间”意为“已经多长时间了”,强调某动作或状态持续了多长时间,可与一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时等多种时态连用,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。He worked there for four years. 他在那里工作了四年。She has worked there for four years. 她已经在那里工作四年了。We will stay in Beijing for two months. 我们将在北京待两个月。throughthrough 意为“自始至终,从头到尾”。The children are too y
17、oung to sit through a concert.这些孩子年纪太小,音乐会没完就坐不住了。Dr Bethune went on working through the night.白求恩大夫工作了一个晚上。 补充:past 晚于;在之后 e.g. half past two 两点半 注意:in the past意为“在过去”,常与一般过去时连用;in the past/last+时间段,意为“在过去的中”,表示从现在算起的过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时连用。 e.g. In the past few years, great changes have taken p
18、lace in our school. 【练】( ) 1. - When will the party be held? - _ two weeks time.A. AfterB. InC. OnD. At( ) 2. Our reading club shares ideas with each other _ one hour every Tuesday.A. toB. onC. atD. for答案:BD2. 表示地点和方位的介词 (1) in, on 与 at 介词用法例词/例句inin 表示地点,意为“在内”(某范围/空间内)There isnt a cloud in the sky
19、. 天空中没有一片云。He put his hands in his pockets.他把手放进口袋。Whats in the box? 盒子里有什么?onon意为“在上面”,指表面接触,指在一个平面上。Whats on the table? 桌子上是什么?There is a carpet on the floor. 地板上铺着一块地毯。at表示“在某地”时,at后接小地方(车站、机场等),in后接大地方(国家、城市等)。at home 在家;at the bus stop 在公交车站;in China 在中国;in the world 在世界上at the corner of the st
20、reet 在街道的拐角处When did you arrive at the station?你什么时候到的车站?He was born in Wuhan. 他出生在武汉。【练】- Where is Tianjin?- Its _ the east of China. Its my hometown.A. onB. beyondC. inD. at答案:C(2) above 与 below above意为“在上面”“高于”,表示相对高度,不一定是在正上方;也可指温度、海拔等的刻度“高于”;表示在职位、数量、年龄等方面“在之上,高于,超过” 补充:above all 最重要的是;尤其是below
21、意为“在下面”“低于”,是above的反义词。e.g. The plane flew above the clouds. 飞机在云层上面飞行。e.g. Please dont write below this line. 请不要写到这条线下面。e.g. Temperatures have been above average. 气温一直比平均气温高。e.g. The temperatures remained below freezing all day. 气温一整天都保持在冰点以下。e.g. We cannot accept children above the age of 10. 我们不
22、能接受10岁以上的儿童。e.g. Above all, keep in touch. 最要紧的是保持联系。e.g. The coat reaches below the knees. 大衣到了膝盖下方。(3) over 与 under over意为“(部分/全部覆盖)在上面;悬在上面”,表示垂直的上方/正上方。意为“从一边到另一边/穿越;到另一边/翻越”。意为“多于(某时间、数量、花费等)”。意为“在期间”。 补充:all over 遍及 all over the world 全世界;all over the country 全国各地under意为“在下面”,是over的反义词。e.g. Sh
23、e put a blanket over the sleeping child. 她给熟睡的孩子盖上毯子。e.g. The sky is over our heads. 天在我们的头顶上。e.g. There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座桥。e.g. There was a lamp hanging over the table. 桌子上方吊着一盏灯。e.g. They had a wonderful view over the park. 他们放眼望去,把公园的美景尽收眼底。 e.g. She climbed over the wall. 她翻过墙去。 e
24、.g. She stayed in Lagos for over a month. 她在拉各斯逗留了一个多月。 e.g. Hes over sixty. 他六十多岁了。 e.g. Well discuss it over lunch. 我们吃午饭时商量此事吧。e.g. There is a boat under the bridge. 桥下有一条船。e.g. The cat was under the table. 猫在桌子下面。【练】In cold winter, the temperature in Harbin often remains _ zero all day.A. aboveB
25、. belowC. overD. under答案:B(4) by, beside, near 与 around byby 表示“在旁边”,较near 近。besidebeside 表示“近旁”“紧靠”,相当于 next to。nearnear 意为“在附近”。aroundaround 表示“在周围”,指围绕某一位置或物体。e.g. My house is by the river. 我的家在河边。 e.g. She stood by the window looking out over the fields. 她站在窗边眺望远处的田野。e.g. We are planning to camp
26、 by the lake this summer. 今年夏天,我们打算到湖边露营。e.g. Come and sit beside me. 来坐在我的身旁。e.g. They live near London. 他们住在伦敦附近。e.g. The children gathered around the teacher. 孩子们围在老师身边。(5) in front of 与 in the front of - 里the外不thein front of表示“在(外部的)前面”in the front of表示“在(内部的)的前部”e.g. There are some trees in fro
27、nt of the classroom. 教室前面有一些树。e.g. Our teacher usually sits in the front of the classroom. 我们的老师通常坐在教室前面。(6) to 与 from to表示“朝/向(方向)”,指朝着目的地的方向,to后跟表示目的地的名词。from表示位置,意为“从”;表示两地之间的距离,意为“离”;来源,意为“从来”。e.g. I walked to the office. 我朝办公室走去。e.g. You can see the island from here. 从这里可以看见那个海岛。e.g. Their scho
28、ol is ten miles from the coast. 他们学校距海岸有十英里。e.g. Im from Italy. 我来自意大利。(7) before 与behind before表位置时,意为“在前面”behind表示位置,意为“在后面”e.g. The boy was hiding behind a tree. 那个男孩在一棵树后躲着。e.g. A river is before my house. 我家前面是一条河。【练】Its so cold outside. Remember to close the door _ you when you leave.A. beside
29、 B. before C. with D. behind答案:D(8) outside与inside outside意为“在的外边”inside意为“在的里边/在之内”e.g. A woman is waiting outside the office. 一位妇女正在办公室外等候。e.g. Dont let the dog come inside the house. 不要让狗进人房子。(9) 其他around/round 在周围;off 从上移开;out of 从出来;up 在上面;down 在下面;beyond 在的那边;past 在的更远处;beneath 在下面;opposite 在的
30、对面 (相当于across from);along 沿着 e.g. The bank is opposite/across from the school. 银行在学校对面。3. 表示方式、手段或工具的介词(1) by, in, on 表交通方式 byby+表示交通工具的名词 “乘坐”(交通工具前不用任何限定性的词)by bus/train/car/plane/ship/bike 乘坐公共汽车/火车/汽车/飞机/船/骑自行车by subway/underground 乘地铁;by air 经由航空/乘飞机;by sea 经海路/乘船inin+限定词a/the/ones+表示交通工具的名词(交通
31、工具前用限定性的词)in a/my mothers car 乘车/坐我妈妈的车;in Rosas car 坐罗莎的车onon+限定词a/the/ones+表示交通工具的名词(交通工具前用限定性的词)on a bike/on a bus 骑自行车/坐公共汽车 补充:take/catch/in/on + a/the/ones等 + 表示交通工具的可数名词单数 e.g. take a bus 乘公共汽车;take a train 乘火车 e.g. Jenny goes to school by bike. 珍妮骑自行车去上学。(by bike=on a bike)e.g. Mr. Green goe
32、s to work by car. 格林先生开车去上班。(by car=in a car)【练】More and more people in Shanghai choose to go to work _ underground.A. inB. with C. byD. for答案:C(2) with, in, by, through表示“手段或工具” with后跟具体有形的工具或身体的某个器官in表示使用某种语言、声音、方式或材料,语言、材料前不加冠词。by表示用某种方式或手段,在名词前不加冠词;若后接动词,则用by doing。through“以,凭借”(because of)e.g.
33、I often do my homework with a pen. 我经常用钢笔做作业。e.g. What can I cut the cake with? 我用什么切蛋糕?e.g. We see with our eyes. 我们用眼睛看东西。e.g. Can you say it in English? 你能用英语说它吗?e.g. He spoke in a loud voice. 他大声说话。e.g. You can do this in a different way. 你可以用不同的方式来做这件事。e.g. Please write it in ink. 请用钢笔写。e.g. Th
34、is pair of shoes is made by hand. 这双鞋是手工做的。e.g. You can only achieve success through hard work. 你得孜孜不倦方能成功。e.g. It was through him (=as a result of his help) that I got the job. 我全靠他的帮助才找到这份工作。 补充:(1) in + 颜色/衣服 “穿/戴着”(口诀:in+墨言材声装) e.g. She was all in black. 她穿着一身黑。e.g. the man in the hat 戴帽子的男子(2)
35、on后跟通信工具/电子产品,表示“通过” e.g. We spoke on the phone. 我们通过电话谈了谈。【练】 The man makes a living _ (without / with / by)teaching.答案:by4. 表示其他含义的介词about(1) 关于/对于 e.g. I feel so guilty and angry about the whole issue.(2) What/How about ?“怎么样?”,表示提出建议、征求意见等。(3) 在各处,到处 e.g. He looked about the hall.against(1) 逆;碰/
36、撞;紧靠/倚靠 e.g. Sail against the wind. 逆风航行。e.g. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.e.g. I have hit my head against a wall and hurt myself.(2) 反对(与for意义相反);违背;与相反;对抗 e.g. Most members are against it. e.g. He is against your ideas. e.g. Our team will play against yours this afte
37、rnoon.(3) 衬托;以为背景 e.g. Flowers look better against green leaves. 好花还需绿叶衬。as像/如同;作为/当作 e.g. They were all dressed as clowns. e.g. She works as a courier.e.g. Treat me as a friend.at表示“按,以(价格、速度、数量等)” e.g. The train runs at about 120 miles an hour. e.g. at high/low speed 以高/低速e.g. at the speed of ligh
38、t 以光速 e.g. at a high price 以高价by(1)“被/由”,用于被动语态,后接动作执行者。 e.g. The book was written by an American writer.(2) “按照,以计算”(表示数量、尺寸、程度) e.g. They are paid by the day/the hour. 他们按天/小时结算报酬。(3) 表示“抓着(物体或身体的某个部位)” e.g. She took the old man by the arm and led him across the road. (4) 表示“由(作家、作曲家等)所作” e.g. a s
39、hort story by Charles Dickensfor(1) 表示“对,给”(表示对象、用途等) e.g. Its a book for children. e.g. There is a letter for you.(2) 表示“为了”(表示目的或功能) e.g. a knife for cutting bread e.g. I have to study for an English test.(3) 表示“向/往”(表示方向、倾向、能力) e.g. the train for Beijinge.g. She has a gift for foreign languages.(
40、4) 表示“支持/赞成”(反义词为against) e.g. She is all for buying a new car. 她非常赞成买辆新车。(5) 表示“由于,因为” e.g. The place is famous for its hot springs. e.g. Thank you for helping me.from(1) 表示“自/从,来自”(表示起点、来源) e.g. Grace often brings home many books to read from the library.(2) 表示“从开始”(表示时间) e.g. From now on she is f
41、ree.(3) 表示“离”(表示间距、距离) e.g. Its about an hour and a half from the destination. 距离目的地还有一个半小时的路程。on“关于,涉及” e.g. He will give a talk on the economic situation. e.g. a book on South Africaover“在期间” e.g. Well discuss it over lunch. e.g. Over the next few days they got to know the town well.to(1) 表示“向/朝/往
42、/对着(某方向/某处)” e.g. She is walking to the office.(2) 表示“差几分到几点(下一个点钟)” e.g. at ten to six 在5:50(3) 表示“给/予/向”(引出接受者) e.g. She learnt some money to me. e.g. He is writing a letter to his family. like像 e.g. Hes very like his father. e.g. Shes wearing a dress like mine.of(1) 表示“的”(表示所属关系)e.g. a friend of
43、mine 我的一个朋友(2) 表示人/物的特征、性质 e.g. the beauty of the scenery 景色之美instead of而不是 e.g. We just had soup instead of a full meal.because of由于同义词:due to; owing to; on account of e.g. He lost his job due to/owing to/because of his carelessness.thanks to多亏/幸亏 e.g. Thanks to your help, we were successful.as a r
44、esult of由于as a result 结果 e.g. As a result of the flood, thousands of people lost their homes.out of侧重行为的动机或出于行为者的内心感受 e.g. I asked out of curiosity.e.g. She cried out of sympathy.including包括在内 e.g. Ive got three days holiday including New Years Day. 常用介词的用法和辨析 1. for & since forfor后常接时间段,表示“(延续)多长时间”;可用于现在完成时、过去时、将来时。sincesince后常接时间点,表示“自从以来”;常用现在完成时。e.g. I have been a teacher since 2001. 我从2001年就是老师了。e.g. I have been a teacher for six years. 我已经当老师六年了。