1、专题 13概要写作常考题型题型考查年份关联知识点语篇类型(2018年11月，浙江卷)记叙文，说明文，议论文提炼主旨要义（2019年6月，浙江卷）精准提炼主旨四步走优化语言表达2019年6月语言优化三步走方法点拨概要写作与语篇类型一、题型特点要求考生进行概要写作的阅读材料原文词数一般为300词左右。文章体裁可以是记叙文、说明文或者议论文。写作要求考生在对原文阅读后根据其内容写出一篇约60词的内容概要。概要所用语句既要用词准确，结构合理，语义连贯，不得抄写原文，又要能完全概括出文章的中心大意。二、注意事项1. 词数要限制在60词左右，上下限不得超过10个单词。2. 要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作
2、。3. 人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致，但必要时也可变换成第三人称。4. 写作时尽可能地使用复合句，必要时可转换词性，不得完全照搬照抄原文。三、写作步骤第一步：仔细审题速读文章，确定文章的体裁和题材、人称和时态以及写作要求等。第二步：细读全文阅读语篇时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：记叙文圈出记叙文的六要素(who, when, where, what, how, why)，如果是夹叙夹议文，还要写出故事给读者带来的启示或寓意说明文找出文章要说明的对象、观点或建议议论文提取议论文的三要素(论点、论据、结论)第三步：初写成文初写概要时，根据文章不同的文体可采取以下方法：记叙文先
3、用一两句话串联人、时、地、事等要素，再用三到五个句子简要描述事情的经过和结果说明文找出要说明对象的现象、原因等或解决问题的措施、建议等议论文把议论文的三个要素（论点、论据、结论）进行合理地排序、整合和概括，使之语义上具有逻辑性和连贯性第四步：润色升级初写成文后，要对概要进行润色升级，使用高级词汇和高级句式代替平庸词汇和一般句式，使之锦上添花。第五步：复查定稿写好概要后，要从语法和语义角度进行通读。对语法错误和语义不连贯处进行修改润色。最后规范誊写在答题卷的指定位置。2018年11月，浙江高考阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Its a really good idea to
4、visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the st
5、udents. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all th
6、e research you can to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live
7、nearby, go check it out!If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont
8、like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it wont co
9、st you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you
10、d like to attend._【答案】Its really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. For s
11、tudents who are short of money and time, registering for the online college fair is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.【解析】本文要求阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要，即用尽可能少的词汇集中展现原材料的主要思想和观点。这主要是考查学生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及总结概括能力，熟练掌握从句、非谓语动词等语法知识和遣词造句的能力。【详解】1. 要先读懂、读透原作。这是准确再现原文、写好概要的前提。动笔前多读两遍原
12、文，直至弄懂读透。2. 抓住文中的关键句，确定写作主题。开头Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply点明了本文主题；But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. Theres no excuse not to visit the schools
13、in your local area.说明了去大学看看的必要性和可行性；If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend.在时间上提供了更多选择；if time and money are making it impossible, then check ou
14、t the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.为不能亲自去大学看的学生提供了另外一种方法。3. 拟好提纲。有了提纲，写概要时就会有章法，也不会遗漏原作中的要点。4. 快速成文，反复推敲。按照文章要求和拟好的提纲一气呵成，写完初稿。5. 对照修改润色，再读原文，查看是否漏掉了重要信息或主要内容。用词是否恰当，可有可无的删掉。注意词类、时态、语态的适当调整。概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量
15、对应的就是要点的数量。提醒一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息明确全文的篇章结构后，就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。例如：or the radio. People who tend to about 70 (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. , and try to
16、 . And while youre at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.(画线部分为主题句)本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Record the time and set dinner time for half an hour as eating slowly hel
17、ps take in less calories. 第三步：归纳要点 合理转换表达明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复，可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。转换表达注意遵循2个原则不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。例如：Your house may have an on your . Experts say the way you yo
18、ur could whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some to turn your into part of your plan.(画线句为主题句)主题句关键词如画线所示：The way you design your home may have an effect on your figure. Here are some ways to turn your home int
19、o part of your diet plan.转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips; The way you design your home改为How to have your home designed。主题句转换为How to have your home designed affects your figure. Below are tips to design your home to help diet.第四步：句式多样 注意过渡衔接在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文
20、，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。【策略演示】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2018年11月，浙江卷)Its a really to before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the do
21、rms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if . But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the researc
22、h you can to make sure you are making the right one.Theres not to the in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, !If campus visits arent g
23、oing to happen before you apply, at the very least you should between applying and getting your acceptance letters to the youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unless you actually
24、 visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then the at CollegeWeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant
25、 take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend.【答案】As a senior year student, its a wise choice to visit wouldbe colleges near where you li
26、ve before attending them for seeing is believing. (要点1) You should find a chance to pay a personal visit even at your waiting in case you feel disappointed afterwards. (要点2) If all the above is not affordable, you are advised to search the online college fair at CollegeWeekLive where you can get the
27、 necessary information. (要点3)【解析】第1步读懂原文，明确篇章结构原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。第1段：提出观点在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。分析各段主旨可判断，文章第12段是一个意义段，34段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳为3个要点。第2步去次留精，提炼关键信息本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现，其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要
28、信息。第3步归纳要点，合理转换表达采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“good idea”可用wise choice转述；“in your local area”可转换为where you live。第三段主题句可概括为要点2：该要点中的“visiting and seeing for yourself”可转换为pay a personal visit。第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“time and money are making it impossible”可转换为all the above is not aff
29、ordable。第4步句式多样，注意过渡衔接句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。2019年6月，浙江高考阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more st
30、rict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on
31、top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments
32、.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our
33、 childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball pl
34、ayer on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report.
35、 But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it._【答案】Parents tend to go to extremes when it comes to praising their kids. (要点一) Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally damaging. (要点二) Wh
36、en giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the process instead of the result. (要点三) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have invested in the work theyre involved in. (要点四)【解析】本次浙江高考书面表达采用了概要写作题型。概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁，考查的是学生在实现自由的思维表达之前，对他人的信息在理解的基础上进
37、行概括表达的能力。选材上，提供一篇350词以内的短文，题材不限，要求考生写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。【详解】完成一篇概要写作，需要经过三个步骤，1. 读懂原文，抓住段落主题句。在阅读过程中，需要准确把握文章的段落大意，学会剔除非重要信息，弄清楚不同体裁的文章的内部逻辑关系以及文章的篇章结构。2. 组织语言，转换表达。在找到主题句明确全文中心的基础上，组织好语言，注重语言表达的独立性和准确性以及高级性，不全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言转换表达，同时要注意篇幅的比例安排，用较多的文字去表达重要的内容。3. 通读全文，逻辑连贯。要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词去连贯全文
38、。概要写作语言优化三步走概要写作的评分原则之一是“对各要点表达的独立性情况”，即要用自己的语言表述原文要点，不能照抄原文的语句。同时各要点之间应注意利用恰当的过渡衔接词汇，使所写的句子连贯流畅。第一步：替换单词/短语在找出文中的要点后，利用替换单词、短语等方法来增强语言表达的独立性。利用同义词（短语）或近义词（短语）代替原文单词或短语。将原文动词短语转换为介词短语、名词短语替换成动词短语、动词转换为名词、形容词转换为副词等。第二步：合理地调整句式除了用替换单词、短语等方式增强语言表达的独立性外，还可以采用灵活调整句式的方式达到语气目标。(1)长变短：压缩长的句子和词组，使其变得短小精悍，如两个
39、简单句整合为一个并列句或主从复合句；复合句或并列句简化为简单句、从句简化为介词短语或者分词短语等。(2)主动变被动：主动句变为被动句式，更生动更符合英语表达。(3)善用定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、倒装句、强调句、省略句等丰富的句型结构等。第三步：使用恰当的过渡衔接概要写作的评分标准之一是上下文的连贯性，要求你有效运用一定的衔接手段。3种使上下文连贯的衔接手段词汇衔接：运用原词、近义词或反义词、上下义词等的复现。逻辑衔接：利用表逻辑关系的过渡词衔接上下文，如besides, in addition, therefore等，在选用过渡衔接词时，应考虑前后句子之间的内在逻辑关系。语法衔接：常见的
40、语法衔接有替代和省略。替代：用代词替代前面的名词（短语）和句子，用助动词代替前面的动词(短语)。省略：在语境表达清晰的情况下，为了表达简洁，省略上文或下文的某个词句。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。2019年6月，浙江高考)Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago w
41、hen .” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents prais
42、e has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction. . Kids will feel like and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that . If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can . “We shou
43、ld especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that .”Your son may not be th
44、e best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is,
45、 praise should be given on a casebycase basis and be proportionate .【答案】Contrary to the past, some parents are likely to overpraise their kids, making them feel given unrealistic goals. (要点1) , others give their kids inadequate praise, which gives them a false idea that they are not doing well or they are ignored. (要点2) , praising them properly and punctually is definitely favorable. (要点3) , to do so parents are advised to focus on their kids effort instead of the result. (要点4)【解析】第1步读懂原文，明确篇章结构本文是议论文，提出当前父母对孩子进行过度赞扬和不表扬是同样有害的，正确的做法是找到其闪光点进行适度的表扬，以培养其自信乐观的心态。文章四个自然段，就是4个意义段，对应4个要点。第一段：指出过度表扬