1、三年全国卷（新高考I）高考英语真题分类汇编：阅读理解一阅读理解（共12小题）1（2023新高考）Bike Rental &Guided ToursWelcome to Amsterdam，welcome to MacBike.You see much more from the seat of a bike!Cycling is the most economical，sustainable and fun way to explore the city，with its beautiful canals，parks，squares and countless lights.You can a
2、lso bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.Why MacBikeMacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.With over 2，500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations，we make sure there is always a bike available for you.We of
3、fer the newest bicycles in a wide variety，including basic bikes with foot brake（刹车），bikes with hand brake and gears （排挡），bikes with child seats，and childrens bikes.PricesHand Brake，Three GearsFoot Brake，No Gears1 hour7.505.003 hours11.007.501 day（24 hours）14.759.75Each additional day8.006.00Guided C
4、ity ToursThe 2.5hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill，the Skinny Bridge，the Rijksmuseum，Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.（1）What is an advantage of MacBike？ A.I
5、t gives children a discount.B.It offers many types of bikes.C.It organizes free cycle tours.D.It has over 2，500 rental shops.（2）How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？ A.15.75.B.19.50.C.22.75.D.29.50.（3）Where does the guided city tour start？ A.The Gooyer，
6、Windmill.B.The Skinny Bridge.C.Heineken Brewery.D.Dam Square.2（2023新高考）When John Todd was a child，he loved to explore the woods around his house，observing how nature solved problems.A dirty stream，for example，often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.
7、When he got older，John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.After studying agriculture，medicine，and fisheries in college，John went back to observing nature and asking questions.Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria（细菌）？Which kinds of fish c
8、an eat cancercausing chemicals？With the right combination of animals and plants，he figured，maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did.He decided to build what he would later call an ecomachine.The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge（污泥）.First，he construc
9、ted a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other.Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals.He placed them in the tanks and waited.Little by little，these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem.After a
10、few weeks，John added the sludge.He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the ecomachine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!Within weeks，it had all been digested，and all that was left was pure water.Over the years，John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouselike fa
11、cility that treated sewage （污水）from 1，600 homes in South Burlington.He also designed an ecomachine to clean canal water in Fuzhou，a city in southeast China.Ecological designis the name John gives to what he does.Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor，he says.You put organisms
12、 in new relationships and observe whats happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to selfrepair.（1）What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs？ A.He was fond of traveling.B.He enjoyed being alone.C.He had an inquiring mind.D.He longed to be a doctor.（2）Why did Jo
13、hn put the sludge into the tanks？ A.To feed the animals.B.To build an ecosystem.C.To protect the plants.D.To test the ecomachine.（3）What is the authors purpose in mentioning Fuzhou？ A.To review Johns research plans.B.To show an application of Johns idea.C.To compare Johns different jobs.D.To erase d
14、oubts about Johns invention.（4）What is the basis for Johns work？ A.Nature can repair itself.B.Organisms need water to survive.C.Life on Earth is diverse.D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.3（2023新高考）The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of
15、 what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide its right for you.To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many p
16、eoples digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities
17、 for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one，Ill guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so
18、.Ill draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.Youll hear these participants stories and learn what strategies worked well for them，and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at som
19、e ideas that will help you cultivate a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating highquality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collectio
20、n of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.（1）What is the book aimed at？ A.Teaching critical thinking skills.B.Advoc
21、ating a simple digital lifestyle.C.Solving philosophical problems.D.Promoting the use of a digital device.（2）What does the underlined worddeclutterin paragraph 3 mean？ A.Clearup.B.Addon.C.Checkin.D.Takeover.（3）What is presented in the final chapter of part one？ A.Theoretical models.B.Statistical met
22、hods.C.Practical examples.D.Historical analyses.（4）What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two？ A.Use them as needed.B.Recommend them to friends.C.Evaluate their effects.D.Identify the ideas behind them.4（2023新高考）On March 7，1907，the English statistician Francis Gal
23、ton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the wisdom of crowds effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people mak
24、e errors，those errors arent always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors wont
25、 cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，peoples errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist （转折）
26、on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance，the average obtained
27、from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a followup study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did t
28、hey tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasnt the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they shared arguments and reasoned together. Somehow，these arguments and
29、 reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decisionmaking are enormous.（1）What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？ A.The methods of estimation.B.The underly
30、ing logic of the effect.C.The causes of peoples errors.D.The design of Galtons experiment.（2）Navajas study found that the average accuracy could increase even if A.the crowds were relatively smallB.there were occasional underestimatesC.individuals did not communicateD.estimates were not fully indepe
31、ndent（3）What did the followup study focus on？ A.The size of the groups.B.The dominant membersC.The discussion process.D.The individual estimates.（4）What is the authors attitude toward Navajas studies？ A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.5（2022新高考）Grading Policies for Introduction to Litera
32、tureGrading Scale90100，A；8089，B；7079，C；6069，D；Below 60，E.Essays（60%）Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course：Essay 1 10%；Essay 2 15%；Essay 3 15%；Essay 4 20%.Group Assignments（30%）Students will work in groups to complete four assignments（作业）during the cou
33、rse.All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard，our online learning and course management system.Daily Work/InClass Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework（10%）Class activities will vary from day to day，but students must be ready to complete short inclass writings or
34、 tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class lecture/discussion，so it is important to take careful notes during class.Additionally，from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home，both of which will be g
35、raded.Late WorkAn essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it will earn a zero.Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero.Short writings missed as a result of an e
36、xcused absence will be accepted.（1）Where is this text probably taken from？ A.A textbook.B.An exam paper.C.A course plan.D.An academic article.（2）How many parts is a students final grade made up of？ A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.（3）What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date？ A.
37、You will receive a zero.B.You will lose a letter grade.C.You will be given a test.D.You will have to rewrite it.6（2022新高考）Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then
38、 friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed，the arugula went bad.Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much；I could have made six salads with what I threw out.In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry，food waste goes against
39、 the moral grain，as Elizabeth Royte writes in this months cover story.Its jawdropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away from ugly（but quite eatable）vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.Producing food that no one eats wastes t
40、he water，fuel，and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact，Royte writes，if food waste were a country，it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.If thats hard to understand，lets keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of
41、my refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time but for him，its more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington.D.C.，which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807，500 pounds
42、 of food by taking donations and collecting blemished（有瑕疵的）produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries？Volunteers will wash，cut，and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.Such methods seem obvious，yet so often we just dont think. Everyone can play a part in red
43、ucing waste，whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you wont eat. Curtin says.（1）What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story？ A.We pay little attention to food waste.B.We waste food unintentio
44、nally at times.C.We waste more vegetables than meat.D.We have good reasons for wasting food.（2）What is a consequence of food waste according to the text？ A.Moral decline.B.Environmental harm.C.Energy shortage.D.Worldwide starvation.（3）What does Curtins company do？ A.It produces kitchen equipment.B.I
45、t turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.C.It helps local farmers grow fruits.D.It makes meals out of unwanted food.（4）What does Curtin suggest people do？ A.Buy only what is needed.B.Reduce food consumption.C.Go shopping once a week.D.Eat in restaurants less often.7（2022新高考）The elderly residents（居民）in
46、 care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.The project was dreamed up by a local charity（慈善组织）to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peoples wellbeing.It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia，a serious illness of the mind.Staff in care hom
47、es have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.Among those taking part in the project is 80yearold Ruth Xavier.She said：I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.I like the project a lot.I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see theyve gone to bed.Its good to have a different focus.People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them.Im enjoying the creative a