1、8B期末总复习：基础知识汇总U11. past名词，“过去”，in the past。形容词,“过去的”,in the past years。介词，“晚于”，half past ten；“经过”，walk past sb.。2. present名词，“目前，现在”，at present=now=at the moment。名词，“礼物”=gift。形容词，“现在的，目前的；在场的（不用于名词前）”。动词，“赠送，提出”，present sth to sb。3. Ive just eaten it. 我刚吃了它。辨析：just与just now相同点不同点just两者都可表示“刚才，刚刚”通常用
2、于现在完成时Just now通常用于一般过去时Ive just finished the work.She did her homework just now.注意：just作副词时，还可表示“（加强语气）正好；仅仅；就是”等。Its just half past nine.4. Youve changed too. You used to be so kind to me. 你也变了，你过去对我那么好。change：动词，“交换；改变；换乘”。可数名词，“改变，变化”。不可数名词，“零钱”。used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”。否定：didnt use to/usednt to+
3、 动词原形。一般疑问：Did +主语+use to do sth.?拓展：be used to doing sth “习惯于做某事”be used to do sth.“被用来做某事”5. there were always too many people on the bus公共汽车上总是有太多的人too many，“太多”，修饰可数名词复数。too much，“太多”，修饰不可数名词。much too，“太”，修饰形容词或副词，表程度。6. I lived here since I was born. 自我出生以来我就住在这。辨析since与forsince表示某事从过去某一时间开始，并且
4、现在仍在继续，常与现在完成时连用“since +时间点”可与“for +时间段”互换for表示某事发生的时间长度，常与现在完成时连用She has been in Shanghai since 10 years ago.= She has been in Shanghai for 10 years.【拓展】固定句型：It is/has been + 一段时间 + since引导的一般过去时的句子.It is three years since his grandfather died.7. Later the government realized the problem and took a
5、ction to improve the situation.后来政府意识到了这个问题，并采取行动改善了这种情况。realize作动词，意为“意识到，认识到，实现”。Youll realize your mistake some day.Nothing can prevent us from realizing our dreams.take action to do sth 意为“采取行动做某事”。We must take action to protect the environment actively.improve作动词，意为“改善，提高”，相当于makebetter。In orde
6、r to improve his life, he has to work harder.8. When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and weve lived in this area since then. 当我1965年结婚时，我的妻子和我搬到街区以外，从此在那里生活。married adj. 已婚的be/get married to. 与结婚注意：marry和get married都是非延续性动词，不能与表一段时间的状语连用；若表示结婚已有一段时间应用be married。They have m
7、arried for ten years.拓展 marry v.结婚 marriage n.结婚，婚礼搭配marry sb嫁给某人，娶了某人，与某人结婚marry sb to. 把某人嫁给I am going to marry John.9. pollution不可数名词，“污染”。pollute，动词，“污染”。polluted，形容词，“受污染的”。10.waste名词，“废料；废品”；“浪费”，a waste of。动词，“浪费”。形容词，“无用的，废弃的”。11. in some ways 在某些时候，在某些方面in a way “在某种程度上”in the way “挡路”on th
8、e/ones way “在去的路上”by the way “顺便说，顺便问”12. Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time. 现在我是不是感觉有点孤独。lonely，形容词，“孤独的，寂寞的”；“荒凉的”。feel lonely a lonely islandalone，形容词，“单独，独自的”；副词，“单独，独自地”。He was alone in the house.She lived alone. from time to time“有时”= at times = sometimesa bit & a littlea bit，“有点”，修饰形容
9、词或副词a little=a bit of，修饰不可数名词not a bit=not.at all“一点也不”not a little=very much“很，十分”13. Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.阳光镇发生了惊人的变化。happen和take placehappen与take place 两者都意为“发生”，都不能用于被动语态，但它们之间也有差别。(1)happen指“碰巧发生”，强调偶然性，常指事情在人们无意识、无准备的情况下发生。The accident happened yesterday.(2)take pl
10、ace意为“发生；举行某种活动”，指事情按照计划发生。Many great changes took place in our village last year. take place作“举行”讲时，相当于hold，hold 有被动语态。When will the wedding take place?=When will the wedding be held?happen to sb. “不好的事情发生在某人身上”14. interview名词，“采访；会见”。give an interview；have an interview with sb. 动词，“采访，面试，会见”。inter
11、view sb. about sth. “就某事采访某人” 15. hear about“听说”= hear ofhear from sb. “收到某人的来信”= get/receive a letter from sb.hear sb do sth “听到某人做某事的全过程或经常做”hear sb doing sth “听到某人正在做某事”16. plan动词，“计划”。plan to do sth. “计划做某事”。名词，“计划”。make a plan for sth. “为了某事而计划”；make a plan to do sth. “计划去做某事”。17. borrow“借（进）”，
12、非延续性动词。borrow sth. from sb. “向某人借某物”。反义：lend，“借出去”，非延续性动词。lend sth. to sb. “将某物借给某人”keep，“借”，延续性动词，表示借来并保存一段时间。Can I keep the book for three days?18. Now I go to school by bus on my own. 现在我自己坐公交车去上学。own 形容词，“自己的”，ones own +名词，“某人自己的”。动词，“拥有”。owner，“主人”，the owner of “的主人”。of ones own “某人自己的”on ones
13、own “独立地”= by oneself= alone19. So how do you keep in touch with each other? 那你们是如何保持联系的呢？20. But now the streets are wide and clean with many green trees on both sides. 但是现在街道又宽又干净，两边有许多绿树。both 指“两者都”,通常放于行为动词之前，助动词、情态动词或be动词之后。both 作形容词时,意为“两者的，双方的”，可置于定冠词、指示代词、所有格及其他形容词前，也可直接跟复数名词。There are trees
14、 on both sides of the street.both作代词可与of连用:后接代词或名词。Both of them like the film.both作连词与and连用，连接两个完全相等的句子成分,若连接主语,其谓语动词应用复数形式。Both he and I are music lovers.both，all，either 和neither 区分1)both指“两者都”, 三者或三者以上用all; either仅指两者中的任何一个，三者或三者以上用any。both和either的否定形式为neither，而all和any的否定形式为none。2)作形容词时，neither和ei
15、ther修饰单数名词，both修饰复数名词;作代词时，neither和either通常视为单数，both视为复数。Both of us are students. Neither of us is a student.Either of them is right.All of the students have been to the park.U21. I dont think itll be a holiday for us. 我想对我们而言这不会是一个假期了。【否定转移】主语必须是第一人称，谓语动词表示认为、建议、意见的词;形式上否定主句，翻译时否定从句。I dont think it
16、s right to make such a hasty decision.【拓展】该句型改为反意疑问句时，必须以宾语从句为准进行变化，而且宾语从句要视为否定句，即把主句的dont所表示的否定拉回到宾语从句中来，采取“前否后肯”的规则变化。I dont think you are right, are you?有类似用法的动词还有believe，suppose，expect等。I dont suppose they will say sorry to her, will they?2. Dont worry.Ill help you. 不要担心。我会帮助你的。worry不及物动词，意为“担心”
17、。be worried about.=worry about. 担心.be worried about me=worry about me担心我help do sth. “帮助做某事”help sb. do sth. “帮助某人做某事”help sb. wth sth. “在方面帮助某人”help oneself to sth. “请随便吃”cant help doing sth. “情不自禁做某事”with the help of “在帮助下”helpful “乐于助人的”；helpless “无助的”。3. I miss you so much!我是如此地想你！动词，“思念，想念”。动词，
18、“错过”，miss doing sth.Miss，“女士，小姐”。missing，形容词，“丢失的，缺少的”。4. I ran after them and couldnt stop taking photos. 我跟着他们跑，忍不住拍照。cant stop doing sth 意为“忍不住做某事”。类似结构有cant help doing sth，意为“情不自禁地做某事”The mother couldnt stop crying when her son was saved.take photos拍照片; take a photo/photos of.拍的照片。Some students
19、are taking photos of the river.5. Next,we hurried to a restaurant to have a quick meal.接下来，我们匆忙赶去一个饭店去吃快速的一餐。动词，“匆忙，急忙”.hurry to sp. “匆忙赶到”hurry up “快点”名词，“匆忙”，in a hurry “匆匆忙忙”。6. It took us about three and a half hours to fly to Hong Kong. 我们花了三个半小时飞到香港。7. dead 形容词，“死的”。die，动词，“死亡”。death，名词，“死亡”。d
20、ying，形容词，“奄奄一息的”。8. another“另一个，再一个”，用于三个及以上。one.the other.“一个另一个”some.others.“一些，另一些（并非全部）”some.the others.“一些另一些（剩下的全部）”“another+数词+可数名词复数”= “数词+more+可数名词复数”U31. It looks like a TV. 它看起来像一台电视。look like 看起来像（指长相，即可指人也可指物）The man looks like our English teacher.The strange thing looks like a plate.lo
21、ok的相关短语look forward to期待，盼望look after照料，照顾look out当心，小心look at看look up查阅（词典）look for寻找look over检查look down on/upon轻视，瞧不起【拓展】What do/dose sb. look like? =How do/does sb. look? 询问长相What be sb. like? 询问品质What do/does sb. like?询问喜好 2. I agree. 我同意。agree作不及物动词，意为“同意”，它的反义词是 。agree on意为“在方面取得一致意见”，主语必须指协调
22、的双方或多方。agree to sth.表示“提议、办法、计划”等的名词，意为“同意某事”。agree with sb.意为“同意/赞成某人的意见”。agree to do sth.意为“同意做某事”。3. What do you usually use your computer for? 你通常使用电脑做什么？what.for?=why.? 为什么.?for表示目的，for sth=to do sth，因此上句还可以写成：What do you usually use your computer to do?use sth. to do sth. 意为“使用某物做某事”be used to
23、 do sth. 意为“被用来做某事”4. Further on is Times Square. 继续是时报广场。further此处用作副词，意为“更远，较远”，是far的比较级。further，副词，指在距离方面“更远，较远”；也指在程度上“更进一步”，表示抽象意义。形容词，表示抽象意义，指程度上“更多；更进一步，更深一层”。farther，形容词/副词，只表示距离上“更远，较远”。5. It has been famous for its theaters since the early twentieth century. 自从二十世纪早期以来它就一直因为它的剧院而出名。be famo
24、us for =be known for 因.而出名 be famous as 作为.而出名in + the +序数词+ century表示“在几世纪”6. a play filled with many songs 充满许多歌曲的戏剧be filled with= be full of 被.填满 7. Differences between the two.make a difference 对.有影响，起作用be different from 与.不同be the same as 与.相同8. I spent a week there.【spend/take/cost/pay区分】某人花费
25、时间或金钱做某事 Sb spends time or money doing sth. 做某事花费某人时间或金钱 It takes sb. time or money to do sth. 某物花费某人金钱 Something costs sb money. 某人为某物付金钱 Sb. pays money for sth. 9. If you click on the“Camera”icon, you will see some pictures of the city first.如果主句是祈使句或主句中含有情态动词，从句也用一般现在时。如果下雨的话就别出去。 If you ask him
26、for help, he will help you. 如果雪停了，我们就可以出去。 If the snow stops, we can go out. 条件状语从句除了用if引导外，还可以用unless，相当于if.not，表示“除非，如果不”。 We cant go out of the classroom unless the teacher allows us. 10. Would you mind showing me how to start this online tour?mind doing sth 介意做某事mind ones doing sth 介意某人做某事11. My
27、 pleasure.my pleasure意为“不客气，不用谢”，常用于对谢意客气的回答。with pleasure 意为“没关系，乐意效劳”，用于别人请求你做某事，你很乐意去做。12. It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.be made up of 由.组成be made in 在.中制成（时间/地点）be made of 由.制成（原材料看得出）be made from 由.制成（原材料看不出）U41. Have you decided what to do with these books, Hob
28、o?霍波，你决定怎么处理这些书了吗？what to do with=how to deal with 如何处理What are we going to do with the problem?=How are we going to deal with the problem?decide to do sth. 意为“决定去做某事”，相当于make a decision to do sthI decided to help him. He hasnt decided when to go.2. However, they soon got up again and continued movi
29、ng across my body. 然而，他们很快又站了起来，继续在我身上移动。continue doing sth 指的是继续做同一件事情continue to do sth 指的是继续做另外一件事情3. I did not know what to say either. 我也不知道该说什么。辨析: either，too和also1) either用于否定句,常置于句末。If you dont go there, I wont,either. 2) too表示“也”,常用于肯定句或疑问句句尾。Are you in Grade 3，too? 3) also表示“也”,也常用于肯定句或疑问句
30、,但一般位于句中(行为动词之前,be动词、情态动词、助动词之后)。We are also students. 4. You must return the books on time. 你必须按时还书。return 作动词，意为“归还;归来,返回”。return sth. to sb. 把某物归还给某人=give sth. back to sb.return to sp. 返回某地=come back to sp.After completing and signing it, please return the form to us. on time意为“按时，准时”表示做某事刚好与约定的时
31、间一致，不早也不晚。in time意为“及时”，表示动作在规定时间内或比规定时间提前完成。We students should get to school on time.Will you be able to finish it in time?5. all the British publishing houses refused to publish it所有的英国出版社都拒绝出版它refuse作及物动词，意为“拒绝”。refuse +名词/代词，意为“拒绝”。refuse to do sth. 意为“拒绝做某事”。refuse sb. sth. 意为“拒绝某人某物”。6. so far
32、so far意为“到目前为止”，指从过去某一时刻开始一直到现在这一段时间。so far常用于现在完成时态，多位于句首或句末。7. a great success巨大的成功success此处用作可数名词，意为“成功的人或事”；success也可作不可数名词，意为“成功”，其反义词为failure“失败”。Failure is the mother of success.succeed用作不及物动词，意为“成功”，succeed in doing sth.意为“做某事成功了”。successful形容词，意为“成功的”。My uncle is a successful businessman.su
33、ccessfully副词，意为“成功地”。If you work hard,you will get it successfully.8. I can tell her anything because she can keep a secret.我可以告诉她任何事情，因为她能保守秘密。tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某事tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不）做某事tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人关于某事【tell, say, speak 和 talk 的用法辨析】tell意为“讲述，告诉”,作及物动词时,指把一件事或一个故事讲出来。tell t
34、he truth tell a storysay意为“说出,说过”,强调说话的内容,也可与to连用,say to sb.意为“对某人说”。He often says “hello”to me with a smile.speak意为“说话”,作不及物动词时,通常指说话的能力和方式;作及物动词时,其后的宾语为某种语言,speak to sb. 表示“同某人说话”。Bob speaks Chinese quite well.May I speak to Mr Green? talk意为“谈话,谈论”,指相互之间的谈话,一般用作不及物动词,与介词 to 或 with 连用,表示“与交谈”。当谈及关于
35、某人或某事时,后接介词 of或about。My mother is talking with my teacher of my study.9. His story gave me a lot of confidence. 他的故事给予我很多自信。have confidence in意为“对有信心”be confident of意为“对充满信心”10. I also want to travel and have exciting experiences in the future. 将来我也想去旅行并有令人兴奋的经历。experience此处用作可数名词，意为“经历”。He has a lo
36、t of unusual experiences.experience还可用作不可数名词，意为“经验”。表示做某事的经验时，其后常接in/of doing sth.。experience还可作及物动词，意为“体验；经历”。experienced形容词，意为“有经验的”。11. They help me relax after a busy day. 它们帮助我在繁忙的一天后放松。help sb. do sth. 帮助某人做某事 help oneself (to) 自用(食物等）Please help yourself to some pork. help sb. into/out of 搀扶某
37、人进入/走出He helped the patient out of the hospital. help sb. out 帮助某人克服困难、渡过难关、解决问题、完成工作When Im in trouble, he always helps me out with money.with the help of 在的帮助下With the help of her, he found his lost child. help sb. with sth. 在某方面帮助某人Please help me with my French.cant help doing sth. 忍不住做某事He could
38、nt help laughing. U51. Youre old enough to learn about manners now, Hobo. 你现在够大了，可以学习礼仪了。sb.+ be + adj. + enough to do sth. 某人足够做某事enough此处用作副词，意为“足够地，充分地”，修饰形容词或副词，放在所修饰词的后面。He is strong enough to carry the heavy box.【拓展】enough还可用作形容词，意为“足够的；充足的”，修饰名词时常放在前面。Theres enough food for us.manner是可数名词，此处意
39、为“礼貌，礼仪，礼节”，常用复数形式。good manners有礼貌bad manners 没有礼貌table manners 餐桌礼仪2. Second, dont cut in on others.其次，不要打断别人谈话。cut in (on sb.)意为“打断（某人的）谈话，插嘴”，相当于interrupt sb.。cut in on me打断我的话=cut in on my words=cut in on what I sayDont cut in while others are talking.【与cut相关短语】cut away 切除 cut back 削减 cut down 砍
40、倒cut off 切断，使分离 cut up 切碎，使伤心3. Always wait politely.要一直礼貌地等着。politely副词，意为“礼貌地”，常用来修饰动词。We should speak to the old politely.polite形容词，意为“礼貌的”，可用作定语、表语等，它的反义词是impolite，意为“无礼的”。be polite to sb.意为“对某人有礼貌”。The students are polite to their teachers.4. leave the tap running让水龙头一直流水leave sth. doing意为“使/让处
41、于状态”。leave后可接形容词、v.-ing形式作宾语补足语。Leave the door open. run此处用作不及物动词，意为“流动”。Tears ran from her eyes.5. queue for your turn 排队等候你的顺序queue for ones turn 排队等候某人的顺序queue up for 排队等候queue此处用作不及物动词，意为“（人、车等）排队等候”。queue还可作可数名词，意为“队，行列”。Please stand in a queue.turn此处用作可数名词，意为“轮流，（轮流的）顺序”。Its ones turn to do st
42、h. 轮到某人做某事了。现在轮到你读了。 6. Anything else?还有别的吗?anything else=any other things【辨析：else与other】两个词都含有“其他，别的”之意，但用法有别：else，修饰不定代词、疑问代词或疑问副词，放在所修饰词之后。other，修饰名词，位于名词之前。Do you have anything else to say?What else do you need?What other colors do you like?7. Whats the proper way to greet people there? 正确的和那里的人
43、打招呼的方法是什么？the proper way to do sth. 做某事正确的方法The proper way to greet people is to say “hello”.Its proper for sb. to do sth. Its proper for us to behave politely in public.8. British people only greet relatives or close friends with a kiss. 英国人只和亲戚或亲密的朋友用亲吻打招呼。close此处用作形容词，意为“亲密的；严密的”，表示关系或感情上“亲近的”，可作
44、定语或表语。be close to与关系密切Im close to my English teacher.拓展be close to还有“离近”之意。The factory is close to the school.close还可用作及物动词，意为“关闭”, closed意为“关闭的”。Please close the window.9. Do people there behave politely in public?那儿的人们在公共场合表现礼貌吗?behave不及物动词，意为“表现”，其名词形式为behaviour（行为；举止；态度，表现方式）。public是集合名词，意为“民众,
45、群体”。The palace is now open to the public.in public意为“公开地，在公共场合，当众”。She is afraid of speaking in public.public还可用作形容词，意为“公共的，公开的”。a public library 公共图书馆a public place公共场所10. If youre in their way, they wont touch you or push past you. 如果你挡了他们的路，他们不会碰你或推开你过去。push past sb./ sth. 从身边挤过去in ones way意为“挡住某
46、人的路”。in the way意为“妨碍，挡道”。A group of sheep are in our way.Dont be in his way. Let him go.拓展：in this way 用这个方法；by the way 随便问一下；on ones way to在某人去的路上11. Daniel is kind enough to help his friends any time. Daniel足够友好到任何时候帮助他的朋友。kind友好，形容词=nice=friendly=goodhelp sb do sthhelp sb with sthany time任何时候【关于time的相关短语】at the same ti