1、 译林英语译林英语六年级六年级上上册语法册语法知识点知识点 一、时态结构一、时态结构： （一）（一）一般过去时的基本结构一般过去时的基本结构： 1. 肯定句形式：主语+动词过去式+其他。 I was a cook two years ago. / I bought a red skirt yesterday afternoon. 2. 否定句形式：was/were +not; 在行为动词前加 didnt，同时还原动词使其恢复原形。 I wasnt a cook two years ago. / I didnt buy a red skirt yesterday afternoon. 3. 一般
2、疑问句：was/were 提到句首； Did+主语+动词原形+其他？ Were you a cook two years ago? / Did you buy a red skirt yesterday afternoon? 4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句? What were you two years ago? / When did you buy a red skirt? （二二）一般过去时的基本用法一般过去时的基本用法： 1. 表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态（与现在无关） 。常与yesterday ,one day ,the day before yesterda
3、y，last week（year，weekend，month等） , in 2007, just now, a moment （week， year） ago, at the age of 5， just then，from then on，the next day，the other day, once upon a time 等过去具体时间状语连用。 He was here just now. / What did you do yesterday? 2. 在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。 We played together when we were children. 3. 表示
4、主语过去的特征或性格。 At that time she was very good at English. （三三）【There be 结构的一般过去时的用法结构的一般过去时的用法】：】： There was/were 是 there be 结构的过去式，表示的是“过去存在某人或某物”。There was 后面接可数名词单数形式或不可数名词，there were 后面接可数名词复数形式。 在 there be 句型中， be 动词的单复数由后面紧挨着的名词的单复数决定，即“就近原则”.例如： There was a pen and some books near the computer.
5、There were some crayons and a knife in my bag. （1）There was/were 的否定句： There was/were 变成否定句，只要在 was/were 后面加“not”,其结构为“There was/were not”，可缩写为“there wasnt/werent”.原句中有 some,要把 some 改成any;后面的名词前有 a/an 或 any 时，not any 或 not a/an 可以转化为 no.例如： There was not a book on the table this morning. = There was
6、 no book on the table this morning. （2）There was/were 的一般疑问句： There was/were 的一般疑问句只需把 was/were 提到句首，若句子中有 some, 要 some 改成 any.肯定回答用“Yes, there was/were”;否定回答用“No, there wasnt/werent”.例如： -Was there a bike under the tree? -Yes, there was. 动动词过去式的变化规则词过去式的变化规则 1. 规则变化 一般情况下，直接加 ed；work- worked ;look-
7、looked 以 e 结尾的单词，直接加 d；live-lived; hope-hoped 以辅音字母+y 结尾的，变 y 为 i 加 ed；study-studied; carry-carried 以元音字母+y 结尾的，直接加 ed；enjoy -enjoyed; play-played 以辅元辅重读闭音节结尾的动词，双写最后的辅音字母+ed；stop- stopped ; 2. 不规则变化口诀 fit fit 适合 hang hung 悬挂 win won 赢 cut cut 切割 stick stuck 粘贴 find found 发现 hit hit 撞击 feel felt 感觉
8、stand stood 站立 hurt hurt 伤害 keep kept 保持 understand understood 理解 let let 让 sleep slept 睡 tell told 告诉 put put 放 sweep swept 扫 get got 得到 read read 读 lend lent 借 hold held 握 shut shut 关闭 send sent 发送 have had 有 become became 成为 lose lost 丢失 leave left 离开 come came 来 smell smelt 嗅 begin began 开始 run
9、ran 跑 spell spelt 拼写 drink drank 喝 catch caught 捉 dream dreamt 做梦 sing sang 唱歌 teach taught 教 learn learnt 学习 swim swam 游泳 bring brought 带来 mean meant 意思 blow blew 刮风 buy bought 买 hear heard 听见 grow grew 成长 think thought 思考 make made 制造 know knew 知道 meet met 遇见 say said 说 draw drew 绘画 sit sat 坐 wear
10、 wore 穿 fly flew 飞 break broke 打破 eat ate 吃 give gave 给 speak spoke 说 see saw 看见 go went 去 wake woke 醒来 fall fell 落下 shall should 将 drive drove 驾驶 hide hid 隐藏 will would 将 ride rode 骑 take took 拿 can could 能 write wrote 写 do did 做 may might 可以 二、二、各种句型语法点总结各种句型语法点总结： （一）感叹句（一）感叹句 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹
11、句分为两种，一种以 what 引导，一种以 how 引导。句尾用感叹号“！”。 What a clever boy he is！/ How clever the boy is！ 1. what 引导的感叹句 （1）what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）； What a beautiful city it is! / What an interesting story she told! （2）what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）； What expensive watches they are! / What terrible weat
12、her it is! 2. how 引导的感叹句 （1）How+形容词/副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）； How hot it is today！ / How hard he works! （2）How+陈述句（主语+谓语）； How he loves his son! 3. 上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。 What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is! What a hot day it is today!How hot it is today! 【注】：what 和 how 引导的两种感叹句，在口语中常简略，即省略陈述句部分 How cold！/ W
13、hat heavy traffic！ 4. 比较：感叹句和特殊疑问句 感叹句：How busy you are！（陈述句语序）你多么忙啊！ 疑问句：How busy are you？（疑问句语序）你有多忙？ 这两种句子的根本区别在于：感叹句后面是陈述句语序，而疑问句的语序要颠倒。 （二）（二）祈使句祈使句 祈使句一般表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。一般以动词原形开头，句末可以用感叹号或句号。 1. 肯定的祈使句： (1) 实义动词原形+其他 ：Please look at that boy. (2) be 动词原形+形容词+其他：Be quiet, please. 2. 否定的祈使句： (
14、1) Dont+实义动词+原形； Dont stand here. (2) Dont be+形容词+其他； Dont be late. (3) No+n./V-ing； No photos. / No smoking. （三）选择疑问句（三）选择疑问句 选择疑问句是指说话人提出两种或以上的情况，让对方选择是哪一种，两个选择部分用 or 连接。选择疑问句不用 yes 或 no 来回答，直接在两个选择里选一个回答。 -Is she tall or short? -She is tall. -Can you play the piano or play the guitar? -I can play
15、 the piano. （四）反身代词（四）反身代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself/herself/itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 【反身代词的用法反身代词的用法】： 1. 可用作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。 Maria bought herself a dress. 2. 可用作表语，指的是表语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。 She isnt quite herself today. 3. 可用作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。 She herself wi
16、ll fly to London tomorrow. 4.用在某些固定短语当中。 look after oneself take care of oneself 照顾自己 teach oneself sth. learn sth. by oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴，过得愉快 hurt oneself 弄伤自己 help oneself to sth 请自用（随便吃/喝些） say to oneself 自言自语 leave sb. by oneself 把某人单独留下 【注】：反身代词不能单独做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。 我自己能完成作业。 （误）
17、Myself can finish my homework. （正）I myself can finish my homework. = I can finish my homework myself. （五五）【表示建议的表示建议的句型】句型】： Would you like (to do) sth？你想要愿意（做）某事吗？ Would you like to play basketball with me? Shall I/we do sth? 我/我们做某事好吗？ Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow? Why not do sth? 为什么不.呢？ Why n
18、ot join us? How/What about doing sth? 做某事怎么样？ How about going swimming? Lets do sth. 让我们做.吧。 Lets go home. Youd better (not) do sth 你最好（不）要做某事。 Youd better not go there alone. （六）特殊疑问句（六）特殊疑问句： 疑问词疑问词 意思意思 用法用法 how 怎么样 问情况 where 在哪里 问地点 when 什么时间 问时间 why 为什么 问原因 what 什么 问东西、问做什么 what about 怎么样 问意见 w
19、hat day 星期几 问星期 what colour 什么颜色 问颜色 【what time 和和 when 引导的特殊疑问句引导的特殊疑问句】：】： 1. 询问钟点时用 what time，询问日期、月份、年份时用 when。 2. Whats the time?=What time is it?现在几点了？ 3. 时刻表达法：顺读法和逆读法。 顺读法：“钟点+分钟”直接读数字。7: 05 seven five；8:16 eight sixteen 逆读法：借助介词 past 或 to 表示，要先说分再说钟点。 a. 当分钟不超过 30 分钟时（包括 30 分钟），即30，用 to 表示。
20、其结构为：“所差分钟（即 60所过分钟数）+to+下一个整点”，to 译成“差”，差几分钟到几点。 4:38 twenty-two to five c. 当分钟为 30 分钟用 half 表示，当分钟为 15 分钟用 a quarter。 【how 引导的特殊疑问句】： 1. how 引导的特殊疑问句提问交通方式，其答语分三种情况： a. take a/an/the+交通工具（单数） b. by+交通工具（单数） c. on/in+限定词+交通工具 How do you go to school every day? I take a bus to go to school every day
21、.=I go to school by bus every day.=I go to school on the bus every day. （七）（七）there be 与与 have 的对比的对比: there be 句型 1. There be 句型主要用以表达 “某处有某人 （某物） ， 强调存在” 其基本结构为 “There be某物（某人）某地”，有时为了强调地点，也可把地点状语放在句首。 There is a book on the desk. 2. have 表示“某人拥有某人或某物，强调拥有和所属关系”。 The man has two cars. 3. There be
22、句型中的就近原则，即 be 和距其最近的主语保持一致。 There are some pens and a book on the floor. =There is a book and some pears on the floor. 4. 表示建议或请求以及需要得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中用 some 而不用 any。 Would you like something to drink？ Can I ask you some questions？ Why not buy some apples? Would you like some more fruit? Can I have some
23、oranges? What / How about some cakes? Do you want some juice? （八）（八）人称顺序的排列：人称顺序的排列： 1.单数人称代词通常按“第二人称、第三人称和第一人称”排列，即 you, he and I ; 2.复数人称代词通常按“第一人称、第二人称和第三人称”排列，即 we, you and they; 3.但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合，则可把第一人称 I 置于其他人称代词之前。 （九）名词所有格（九）名词所有格： 1.单数名词时，一般是词尾加s 构成。如 the boys bag 2.复数名词不以 s 结尾时，一般是词尾加s 构成
24、。mens shirts 3.复数名词以 s 结尾时，一般是在词尾加构成。girls skirts 4.如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在后一个名词后加s。 This is my father and mothers room. 5. 表示无生命东西的名词所有格不可用词尾加（s）或（） ，而是用 of 属格。 the window of the room 三、固定句型使用：三、固定句型使用： 1.动词短语动词短语：动词不定式动词不定式 want to do sth. hope to do sth. ask sb.(not) to do sth. come to do sth. choose to
25、do sth. plan to do sth need to do sth. use sth. to do sth. write letters to sb. Its time (for sb.) to do sth. tell sb.（not）to do sth. start / begin to do sth. try to do sth. stop to do sth. like/love to do sth. be happy/sad/sorry to do sth. be late to do sth. would you like to do sth. help sb. to do
26、 sth. get/be ready to do sth. Its nice to do sth. cant wait to do sth. bring sth to sp. come back to sp. 2.动词短语动词短语：动词动词 ing 形式形式 be excited about doing like/love doing use sth. for doing see sb. doing sth. watch sb. doing sth. hear sb. doing sth. start doing sth. begin doing sth. finish doing sth.
27、waste time/money doing be busy doing have a good/great time doing have a lot of fun doing go on doing be interested in doing be excited about doing sth. Its time for doing sth. There be sb. doing sth. be good at doing sth. be poor at doing sth. be weak in doing sth. do well in doing sth. be afraid o
28、f doing sth. 3.动词短语动词短语：双宾结构（：双宾结构（to） show sb. sth.= show sth. to sb. give sb. sth.= give sth. to sb. pass sb. sth.= pass sth. to sb. bring sb. sth.= bring sth. to sb. send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb. read sb. sth.= read sth. to sb. return sb. sth.= return sth. to sb. write sb. sth.= write sth. to s
29、b. teach sb. sth.= teach sth. to sb. tell sb. sth.= tell sth. to sb. take sb. sth.= take sth. to sb. 4.动词短语动词短语：双宾结构（：双宾结构（for） buy sb. sth.= buy sth.for sb. make sb. sth.= make sth.for sb. cook sb. sth.= cook sth.for sb. choose sb. sth.= choose sth. for sb. draw sb. sth.= draw sth. for sb. get sb.
30、sth.= get sth. for sb. 5.形容词辨析形容词辨析 interesting 表示使人感兴趣（多指“物”） interested 表示某人自己本身感兴趣（多指“人”） excited 表示“兴奋的”，指人、物对感到兴奋（多指“人”） exciting 表示“令人兴奋的”，指人、事、物本身让人兴奋、激动。 （多指“物”） 6.动词固定短语动词固定短语 in turn 轮流 It is ones turn 轮到某人做某事 turn right/left 向右/左转 Turn 的短语 turn on 打开 turn off 关闭 turn into 变成 turn . into .
31、 (使)成为 look out of 朝什么外看 look after 照看、照顾、照料 look out 当心 look up 查找 look 的短语 look out 小心、注意 look at 看 look for 寻找 look around 环顾四周 look like 看起来像 have a look 看一看 try it/them on put it/them on 宾格放中间 take it/them off pick it/them up try on my coat=try my coat on 名词放两边 put on my coat=put my coat on tak
32、e off my coat=take my coat off pick up your pen=pick your pen up too 在修饰形容词的时候意为“太、很”；其为肯定的“也”放于句尾。 也 either 其为否定的也。 also 用于肯定句中。大多放在 be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前。 as well 大多放于句尾 be become keep get 系动词 look +adj.（形容词） smell 感官动词 taste feel sound 四、异国文化：四、异国文化： 1.An American cowboy -jeans; A Scottish man
33、-kilt 2.three main school holidays in the UK-Easter holiday, the summer holiday and the Christmas holiday 3. The Americans -the aeroplane; The British -the train 4.in the UK -underground; in the US-subway 5.Earth Day-22nd April World Environment Day -5th June 6. in the UK -Christmas in China -Chinese New Year/ Spring Festival in the US-Thanksgiving