1、专题专题 0505 阅读理解之议论文阅读理解之议论文 1.（2020 届安徽省名校高考模拟） Smoking in your own home in Thailand may now be considered a crime , if the smoke is considered harmful to other people in the house. The new law , Family Protection and Development Promotion Act , was initiated(启动) by the Ministry of Social Development
2、 and Human Security and was announced in the Royal Gazette on May 22 ,2019. The law aims at curbing smoking at home which might be hazardous for others health residing under the same roof. In that case, it will be considered as “domestic violence. The new law came into force on August 20. According
3、to the center for research and knowledge management for tobacco control , at the Faculty of Medical Science of Mahidol University , there are about 4.9 million households where one or more family members smoke. An average of 10. 3 million people have unwittingly (不知不觉地) become passive smokers becaus
4、e theyve been breathing in smoke at home. Scientific studies show that passive smokers are al greater risk of being affected by cancer. Of 75 child patients from houses where smoking is practiced ,76% of them were found to have nicotine traces in their urine , with 43% of them having nicotine conten
5、t exceeding permissible levels. Smoking at home also “may lead to physical or emotional violence” because of aggressiveness when there is a . lack of smoking, and might as well ruin relationships between smokers and non-smoker family members. According to the new law , anyone who thinks they are aff
6、ected by domestic smoking can report to officials concerned so that inspectors will be sent to investigate and take legal action against the smokers. Once convicted , the court may order a person to receive treatment to quit smoking in an attempt to protect the persons family. In February in 2019 ,T
7、hailand had banned smoking at six of its airports along with a ban in public places. 8What is the fact about the new law in Thailand? AIt makes it clear that smoking at home is a crime. BIs a law on protecting the health of non-smokers. CIt was drafted and adopted by the royal family. DIt classifies
8、 smoking as a form of domestic violence. 9Which of the following can replace the underlined word “curbing” in Paragraph 3? ATreating. BChanging. CImproving. DControlling. 10What is NOT the evil consequence of smoking at home? AIt may increase the risk of cancer in passive smokers. BIt will probably
9、cause physical or emotional violence. CIt will make the smokers become more aggressive. DIt may lead 10 disharmony in family relations. 11What conclusion can we draw from the passage? ASmoking is illegal anywhere in Thailand. BSmokers are less likely 10 develop cancer than non-smokers. CPeople who s
10、moke at home in Thailand will be sent to prison. DThailand is committed to creating a smoke-free environment. 【答案】 8D 9D 10C 11D 【解析】 这是一篇议论文。 文章主要描述了泰国新法旨在抑制在家中吸烟， 并致力于创造一个无烟的环境。 8 细节理解题。 根据第一段中“Smoking in your own home in Thailand may now be considered a crime , if the smoke is considered harmful
11、to . other people in the house.”可知，如果家庭中其他人认为吸烟是有害的，那么吸烟者的行为会被认定为一种家庭暴力的犯罪，故选 D。 9 词义猜测题。 根据第三段中“The law aims at curbing smoking at home which might be hazardous for others health residing under the same roof. ”可知，该法律旨在限制在家中吸烟，因为吸烟可能会危害同屋檐下的其他人的健康。所以 curbing 指的是控制，限制，故选 D。 10推理判断题。根据第七段中“ Smoking at
12、 home also “may lead to physical or emotional violence” because of aggressiveness when there is a lack of smoking”可知，在家吸烟也“可能导致身体或情绪暴力”，因为在不吸烟的情况下，人们会表现出攻击性。C. It will make the smokers become more aggressive. 意思为在家吸烟会使吸烟者变得更有攻击性。与原文意思不符，故选 C。 11推理判断题。根据第一段中“Smoking in your own home in Thailand may n
13、ow be considered a crime , if the smoke is considered harmful to . other people in the house.”可知，如果家庭中其他人认为吸烟是有害的，那么吸烟者的行为会被认定为一种家庭暴力的犯罪；再根据最后一段“In February in 2019 ,Thailand had banned smoking at six of its airports along with a ban in public places.” 2019 年 2 月，泰国在 6 个机场禁止吸烟，并禁止在公共场所吸烟。综上可以推断出，泰国致
14、力于创造无烟的环境。故选 D。 2.（2020 届福建省泉州市高三第一次质检） Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them. So why do we have rules, and what makes people follow them? Studies have suggested that the reason we dont like rule-breaking is because fairness is programmed into our brains. Scien
15、tists have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly.A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings.The study found that this a so happened when subjects saw others being t
16、reated unfairly. They concluded that fairness is one of basic human needs. Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when
17、 there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow. Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules.They influence the way we be have, and can be internal (内在的) or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our val
18、ues and fears. Most of us dont steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. We also dont want to disappoint our family and friends. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict. External controls include rewards and punishments. Re
19、wards, such as job promotions and praise, are designed to encourage people to be have and actin the interest of the whole community. Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against the communitys best interests. People need their communi
20、ties to function smoothly.If there were no rules, most people would probably still behave positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not. This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist. 12What does the underlined word this in paragraph 2 refer to? AA program in human b
21、rains. BA comfortable situation. CThe response with bad feelings. DThe requirement off fairness. 13Why do communities have rules? ATo punish illegal activities. BTo prevent disagreement. CTo promote fairness. DTo meet various demands. 14Which of the following is an example of internal control? ATake
22、 exams honestly because cheating is shameful BPark in the right place so as not to get a parking ticket. CPay the electricity bill on time in order not to get a late fee. DCooperate with your classmates to win a prize for your class. 15What is the best title for this passage? ALiving by the rules BW
23、hy communities need rules CReaching a compromise DHow fairness functions 【答案】 12C 13C 14A 15A 【解析】这是一篇议论文。本文主要讲述了人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，如果没有规则社会就无法运行。 12词义猜测题。根据第二段的 A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings. The stud
24、y found that this a so happened when subjects saw others being treated unfairly.可知，一个不公平的情况会让我们感到舒适甚至开心，但是不公平会让我们的大脑产生负面情绪。他们的研究发现，当受到不公平待遇时，这种情况就会发生。根据句意可知 this 指代上文提到的“大脑会产生负面情绪”。C. The response with bad feelings.(负面情绪的反应)符合以上说法，故选 C 项。 13推理判断题。根据第三段的 Regardless of the disagreement, people almost
25、always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.(尽管有分歧，人们总是需要妥协的。但是，当存在利益冲突时，很难达成妥协。这就是为什么社区有每个人都必须遵守的规则)可知，社区设立规则的目的是让人们能够达成妥协，即促进公平。C. To promote fairness.(促进公平)符合以上说法，故选
26、 C 项。 14推理判断题。根据第四段的 Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears.In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict.可知， 我们的内部控制基于我们的价值观和恐惧，使我们不做出引起冲突的行为。A. Take exams honestly because cheating is shameful(诚实地参加考试，因为作弊是无耻的)是和我们的价值观相关，属
27、于内部控制，故选 A 项。 15 主旨大意题。 根据第一段的 Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them.(几乎每一个社区都有某种形式的规则，和某种执行他们的方式)和最后一段的 This is why a society without rules is unlikely to exist.(这就是为什么一个没有规则的社会是不可能的)可知， 本文主要讲述了人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，如果没有规则社会就无法运行。A. Living by the rules(按规则生活)可
28、以作为本文的标题，故选 A 项。 3.（2020 届广东广雅中学高三适应性考试） In general, the ancient Romans were a practical people. They cared less about philosophy and pure mathematics than did the Greeks. The Romans were the best of the ancient engineers and architects. They were brilliant students of Greek geometry and trigonometr
29、y, and they applied their knowledge to the construction of fine bridges, roads, and public buildings. They knew about the smelting of iron ore, but they used the iron they produced mainly for spears, swords, and shields, rather than for building construction. While the Romans accomplished practical
30、wonders, they did very little theoretical scientific thinking. Because of their frequent wars, many of their inventions were no more than improvements in the design of Greek weapons with which they were familiar. There are two reasons for the Roman neglect of philosophy and pure mathematics. First,
31、they were apparently too busy conquering nearby nations and forming them into a rapidly growing empire to waste much time on abstract thinking. Secondly, they were handicapped by the rigidity of their numerical system. (Try to multiply XI by LVII or to divide CXLIII by IX; it simply cannot be done w
32、ith pencil and paper.) The Romans did all of their arithmetic on an abacus, the ancient counterpart of the modem computing machine. Their number system discouraged the study of pure mathematics. 8The author calls the Romans “practical because they_. Athey didnt care about philosophy Bthey just learn
33、ed from Greek geometry Cthey applied what they learned to construction Dthey thought little of theoretical scientific thinking 9According to the passage, the Romans excelled in_. Asmelting iron ore Bengineering and architecture Cimproving Greek weapons Dproducing spears, swords, and shields 10The un
34、derlined word “counterpart in the last paragraph means _. Aequivalent Bcalculator Cappearance Dpartner 11The passage mainly talks about _. Awhy Romans ignored mathematics BRomans discouraging number system Chow Romans accomplished practical wonders DRomans who neglected theoretical thought 【答案】 8C 9
35、B 10A 11D 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要对罗马人为什么很少进行理论科学思考，并陈述了其中两个原因：忙于征服其它国家；他们的数字系统过于僵化。 8推理判断题。根据文章第一段的 They were brilliant students of Greek geometry and trigonometry, and they applied their knowledge to the construction of fine bridges, roads, and public buildings.(他们是希腊几何和三角学的杰出学生，他们把所学的知识用到桥梁、公路和公共建筑上)可推测，
36、作者认为古罗马人实际，是因为他们把所学知识运用到了实际生活中建筑。C. they applied what they learned to construction(他们把所学知识运用到建筑中)符合以上推测。故选 C 项。 9细节理解题。根据文章第一段的 The Romans were the best of the ancient engineers and architects.(罗马人是古代最好的工程师和建筑师)可知，故罗马人擅长工程和建筑。B. engineering and architecture.(工程和建筑)符合以上说法。故选 B 项。 10词意猜题题。根据划线部分所在句子 T
37、he Romans did all of their arithmetic on an abacus, the ancient counterpart of the modem computing machine.可知，罗马人用算盘做算数， 古代的算盘 counterpart 现代的计算机。算盘和计算机都是用来计算的，由此推测划线部分的意思是“等同于”。故选 A 项。 11 主旨大意题。 根据文章的主要内容， 尤其是第三段的 While the Romans accomplished practical wonders, they did very little theoretical sci
38、entific thinking.(尽管罗马人创造了许多使用的奇迹， 但是他们却很少进行理论上的科学思考)可知， 古罗马人是实用主义， 他们极少进行理论科学思考。 D. Romans who neglected theoretical thought.(忽略理论思考的罗马人)符合以上说法。故选 D 项。 4.（2020 届广东广雅中学高三适应性考试） You know you have to read between the lines to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally
39、 important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to “write between the lines. Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. I insist, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of damage but of love. There are two ways in which one can own a boo
40、k. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the first step to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing
41、 in it. I am arguing that books must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good. Why is marking up a book necessary to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I dont mean only conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking and thinking tends to exp
42、ress itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed. But, you may ask, why is writing necessary? Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings word
43、s and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory. To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions. If reading is to accomplish a
44、nything more than passing time, it must be active. You cant let your eyes glide across the lines in a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. An ordinary piece of light fiction, like Gone
45、 with the Wind, doesnt require the most active kind of reading, and you dont absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the story of David Copperfield. You may also say that this business of marking books is going to slow up your reading. It probably will. Thats one of the reasons for doing i
46、t. Most of us have been taken in by the notion that speed of reading is a measure of our intelligence. There is no such things as the right speed for intelligent reading. Some things should be read quickly and effortlessly, and some should be read slowly and even laboriously. The sign of intelligenc
47、e in reading is the ability to read different things differently according to their worth. In the case of good books, the point is not to see how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through you how many you can make your own. A few friends are better than a thousand acquain
48、tances. If this be your aim, as it should be, you will not be impatient if it takes more time and effort to read a great book than it does a newspaper. 12Full ownership of a book does not occur until _. Ait is purchased Bit is read between the lines Cit is written between the lines Dit is worn, shak
49、en and loosened 13The main advantage of marking up a book is _. Ato keep you from feeling sleepy Bto show that you are absorbed in reading Cto make yourself conscious that you are reading actively Dto make yourself a part of it, making further understanding possible 14The author most probably agrees
50、 that _. AGone with the Wind and David Copperfield are not thought-through books BMarking a book can help preserve your questions about what is read CReading will benefit us more if it is done actively DIntelligent people usually read quickly and differently 15The purpose of this passage is _. Ato t