1、专题专题 05 阅读理解之议论文阅读理解之议论文 1.（2020 届安徽省蚌埠市高三第三次质检） Scientist， conservation organizations and government trying to stop the trend of extinction （灭绝） often focus on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves. But with as many as million species（物种） at risk， this plan of action may not
2、 be enough to conserve wildlife. Slowing the mass extinction that now appears to be underway will require more creative means of coexisting alongside wild plants and animals. A new study indicates the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining some lands managed by indigenous groups. “ We sh
3、ow really strongly that， from a biodiversity standpoint in terms of species richness，indigenous managed lands are at least comparable to protected areas， ” says biologist Richard Schuster of Carleton University. And in some places， they are better than parks and preserves even though indigenous comm
4、unities may use their lands resources by hunting or searching for food. Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15， 000 areas in Australia， Brazil and Canada. They found that the total diversity of wildlife was highest on lands either managed or co managed by indigenous groups， while randomly selec
5、ted areas with no formal protection were the least biodiverse. For threatened species in particular， indigenous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada， as well as higher for threatened animals in Australia. Each country has a different geog
6、raphy， climate and history. Yet remarkably， Schuster says， the best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by an indigenous community. He pointed out that practices such as sustainable（可持续的） hunting， fishing and searching， as well as burning， are more likely to occur in
7、such areas. Don Hankins， an ecologist at California State University，agrees. “ there s probably going to be more of a connection to the land， ” he says， “ and a use of the land for the things that are there， compared to a national park. ” “ It s really important to listen to the people who live on t
8、he land and have them drive the stewardship efforts going forward， ” Schuster says， adding that partnering with indigenous communities may enable the world s countries to better meet a wide range of conservation goals： “ We really need all the help we can get as a global community to prevent species
9、 extinction that we re facing right now. ” 8What does the underlined word “ indigenous” probably mean in Paragraph 2？ ASocial. BNative. CProtected. DThreatened. 9What did Richard Schuster find in his study？ ANational parks are even higher in species diversity. BIndigenous communities overhunted on t
10、heir lands. CSome preserves almost have no formal protection. DIndigenous lands do better in keeping biodiversity. 10Which of the following statements may Don Hankins agree with？ ASpecies diversity depends on geographical positions. BHumans everyday activities are no longer sustainable. CIndigenous
11、groups have a close bond with their lands. DProtected areas work perfectly in wildlife protection. 11What is the text mainly about？ ABeating back extinction. BDealing with environmental problems. CSetting up nature reserves. DFighting against unsustainable behaviors. 【答案】 8B 9D 10C 11A 【解析】本文为议论文。文章
12、主要论述了在阻止物种的灭绝的方法中，国家公园和野生动物保护区对物种的保护远不如当地组织的管理保护。 8猜测词义题。第一段“Scientist， conservation organizations and government trying to stop the trend of extinction （灭绝） often focus on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves. But with as many as million species（物种） at risk， this plan of ac
13、tion may not be enough to conserve wildlife.” 科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物种灭绝的趋势，往往把重点放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区。但是，由于有多达百万种物种面临危险，这项行动计划可能不足以保护野生动物。由此可知这种国家公园和野生保护区有不足之处。 第二段“A new study indicates the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining some lands managed by indigenous groups.” 一项新的研究表明，通过审查“indigenous
14、groups”管理的一些方法是有效的。由此可知，这个管理是与前面“national parks and wildlife preserves.国家管理是不同的，是相对的。结合第三段中的“even though indigenous communities may use their lands resources ”即使“indigenous”社区利用他们自己的土地。由此可推断出与国家保护区不同的是当地的组织管理。分析选项可知 B 中的 native 意为“当地的，本地的，土著的”符合题意，故选 B。 9推理判断题。根据第四段“Schuster and his team analyzed mo
15、re than 15，000 areas in Australia， Brazil and Canada. They found that the total diversity of wildlife was highest on lands either managed or co managed by indigenous groups，while randomly selected areas with no formal protection were the least biodiverse. For threatened species in particular， indige
16、nous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada， as well as higher for threatened animals in Australia.”可知，Richard Schuster 的团队分析了澳大利亚、巴西和加拿大的 15000 多个地区。他们发现，在由当地组织管理或共同管理的土地上，野生动物的多样性最高，而随机选择的没有正式保护的区域的生物多样性最低。特别是濒危的物种，在巴西和加拿大，本地管理的土地的物种丰富度略高
17、于受保护 土地，在澳大利亚，濒危的物种丰富度也高于受保护土地。由此可推断出当地的保护在保持生物多样性方面做得更好。故选 D。 10推理判断题。根据第四段 Don Hankins， an ecologist at California State University，agrees. “ there s probably going to be more of a connection to the land，.， compared to a national park. ” 他说:“与国家公园相比，（当地组织管理）可能会更多地与土地建立联系。”由此可推断出 C 项（土著群体与他们的土地有着密切
18、的联系）符合题意，故选 C。 11主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨“Scientist， conservation organizations and government trying to stop the trend of extinction”。 科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物种灭绝的趋势。接着文章叙述了保护物种灭绝的重点只放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区不足以保护野生动物。于是从第二段提出了一种新的方法当地组织的管理来阻止物种的灭绝。由此可推断出本文主要讲述有效地与物种的灭绝作斗争，即击退物种的灭绝。分析选项可知 A 项符合题意，故选 A。 2. （2020 届安徽省蚌埠市高三
19、第三次质检） I grew up in a Midwestern town where the popular wisdom was to only talk about what was pleasant and to keep secrets， if necessary， to make that happen. This meant staying mum when someone offended you， rarely expressing unpleasant feelings and smiling slightly more than is necessary. It also
20、 meant zero room for airing any sort of dirty laundry， especially not the kinds of personal secrets that keep people up. Many of us like to believe that hiding unpleasant truths might make them eventually go away. Instead， keeping secrets especially heavy ones can spin an even more complicated web o
21、f loneliness and deception（欺骗） . So why do we do it？ The truth can hurt. But in many situations， it s better to get it out and let the recovery start， rather than allowing it to be more harmful. The burden of holding in the truth doesn t just disappear. It hides in the back of your mind and can caus
22、e disorder to your life and health. “ If the situations in your daily life are regular reminders of the secret， and you find it stressful to keep it， then yes， it can have emotional（感情上的） and physical consequences， ” says Dr. Dean McKay. “ Some people also find keeping secrets stressful out of a gen
23、eral concern they will slip ， and this frequent thought of the secret can in itself be stressful. ” This difficulty is especially worse if you feel trapped by the secret， or if it brings up other unpleasant feelings like guilt， shame or anxiety. If you do decide that your secrets took your joy away
24、and would be better off being let out into the world， and if that secret doesn t put other people in physical danger， there are healthy ways to share it. 12What is considered wise for most people in the Midwestern town？ AExpressing feelings freely. BKeeping unpleasant truths secret. CAnswering viole
25、nce with violence. DSharing private matters with friends. 13What is a suggested way to deal with the unpleasant situations？ ATo hide your feelings. BTo tell a white lie. CTo make no response. DTo expose the truth. 14What can be inferred about secrets in the text？ AThey are bad for your health. BThey
26、 are hardly accepted by people. CThey bring up more positive feelings. DThey help prevent disorder in your life. 15What will probably be talked about in the paragraph that follows？ AReasons for holding secrets. BWays to share secrets. CDoubts about breaking secrets. DTips on keeping secrets. 【答案】 12
27、B 13D 14A 15B 【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要论述了隐藏真相，保守秘密对人是有害的。 12推理判断题。根据第一段中的“the popular wisdom was to only talk about what was pleasant and to keep secrets， if necessary， to make that happen.” 那里的人们普遍认为，只谈论令人愉快的事情，如果有必要的话，保守秘密，这是明智的做法。由此可推断出，B 项（不说出令人不快的真相）符合题意，故选 B。 13细节理解题。第四段“The truth can hurt. But in many
28、 situations， its better to get it out and let the recovery start, rather than allowing it to be more harmful.” 真相会伤害你。但在很多情况下，最好是把它释放出来，恢复痊愈，而不是让它更有害。由此可知，此处的建议就是把令人不快的真相暴露出来，故选 D。 14 推理判断题。 根据第五段“It hides in the back of your mind and can cause disorder to your life and health.” 它隐藏在你的内心深处，会给你的生活和健康
29、带来混乱。第六段“If the situations in your daily life are regular reminders of the secret， and you find it stressful to keep it， then yes， it can have emotional（感情上的） and physical consequences，” says Dr. Dean McKay. 如果你日常生活中的情况经常提醒你这个秘密，而你觉得保守它很有压力， 那么是的， 它可能会影响你的身心。 ”第七段“ Some people also find keeping secr
30、ets stressful out of a general concern they will slip ，and this frequent thought of the secret can in itself be stressful. ” 一些人还发现保守秘密会让他们感到压力，因为他们担心自己会出错，而这种频繁地想到秘密的想法本身就会让他们感到压力。第八段 This difficulty is especially worse if you feel trapped by the secret， or if it brings up other unpleasant feelings
31、 like guilt， shame or anxiety. 如果你觉得被这个秘密困住了，或者它带来了其他不愉快的感觉，比如内疚、羞愧或焦虑，那么这种困难就会变得更糟。最后一段的第一句 “your secrets took your joy away and would be better off being let out into the world” 你的秘密带走了你的快乐。 由此可推断出保守秘密对你的健康有害。故选 A。 15 推理判断题。 根据最后一段“if that secret doesnt put other people in physical danger， there a
32、re healthy ways to share it.” 如果这个秘密不会让其他人有身体上的危险，有一些健康的方法来分享它。可以推断出下文会谈论分享秘密的健康的方法。分析选项可知 B 项符合题意，故选 B。 3. （2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测） Look! A polar bear is lying lifeless on a beach. On the shore, in the background, stand three guards, talking to each other. One of them has a deadly weapon hanging casu
33、ally on his shoulder. This powerful image has thrown into question the motivation for this kind of tourism, or ecotourism. Does our proximity (接近) to large animals in the wild, frequently fueled by a desire for exciting images, lead to such animals becoming accustomed to human contact? If that is th
34、e case, surely the losing side will end up paying the ultimate price for such proximity. To my sorrow, I have recently returned from a trip to Svalbard, and indeed stood two weeks ago on the very beach where the bear was shot. The bears death should never have happened. Was the beach examined from t
35、he ship offshore beforehand? Was there access to flares (照明弹) to scare off a bear that appeared suddenly? These are standard measures for any respected operator. The incident is probably the result of a terrible systemic failure. Nevertheless, the incident should not negate the value of ecotourism.
36、In its best form, this kind of travel has very little impact, or indeed has a positive effect, on the environment where it takes place. This can be by making financial donations to conservation groups, providing income to local communities, or ensuring protection of certain areas or animals. In Sval
37、bard, visitors become ambassadors for the endangered polar bear, increasing awareness of the fact that the far greater danger facing them is sea-ice melt in the Arctic Ocean. Ecotourism is expanding market that brings benefits as well as challenges to the regions around the world in which it operate
38、s. Simply closing off these regions is not the answer. 8Why was the polar bear dead? AIt was probably hunt for its fur by tourists. BIt was probably frightened to death by flares. CThe proper procedures werent probably followed. DThe beach wasnt probably equipped with safety devices. 9What is the th
39、ird paragragh mainly about? AEcotourism could be developed properly. BFinancial awareness has greatly advocated. CEnvironmental awareness has greatly increased. DVisitors have a guilty conscience about ecotourism. 10What does the underlined sentence in the last paragragh suggest? AMore challenges fr
40、om guards havent yet been accepted. BBetter measures for conducting ecotourism are a good choice. CThe environmental benefits from ecotourism are very obvious. DThe positive effects of protecting tourists havent yet been felt. 11What is the purpose of the text? ATo cause readers to focus on polar be
41、ars. BTo stimulate readers to reflect on ecotourism. CTo stress side effects that ecotourism has caused. DTo analyze the reason why the polar bear was killed. 【答案】 8C 9A 10B 11B 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章以一只被射杀的北极熊引入生态旅游这个话题，作者认为生态旅游一方面会造成动物死亡，另一方面也有利于生态保护，生态旅游既带来好处又带来挑战，引发读者思考。 8细节理解题。由第二段中的 The bears death sh
42、ould never have happened. Was the beach examined from the ship offshore beforehand? Was there access to flares to scare off a bear that appeared suddenly? These are standard measures for any respected operator. The incident is probably the result of a terrible systemic failure.(熊的死本不该发生的。海滩是不是事先从船上检
43、查过的？有没有办法用照明弹把突然出现的熊吓跑？这些是任何受人尊敬的运营商的标准措施。这一事件很可能是一次可怕的系统性失败的结果)可知，可能是没有遵循正确的程序，而导致北极熊被射杀。故选 C 项。 9 主旨大意题。 由第三段中的 Nevertheless, the incident should not negate the value of ecotourism. In its best form, this kind of travel has very little impact, or indeed has a positive effect, on the environment wh
44、ere it takes place.(然而，这一事件不应否定生态旅游的价值。以最好的形式，这种旅行对所发生的环境几乎没有影响，或者确实有积极的影响)可知，第三段主要讲生态旅游可以适当发展。故选 A 项。 10 词义猜测题。 由最后一段 Ecotourism is expanding market that brings benefits as well as challenges to the regions around the world in which it operates. Simply closing off these regions is not the answer.(生
45、态旅游正在扩大市场，这给它所经营的世界各地带来了好处，也带来了挑战。仅仅关闭这些区域并不是解决之道)可知，生态旅游也有好的一面，关闭一些旅游区域不是问题解决之道，可得出实施生态旅游的更好措施是一个不错的选择。故选 B 项。 11 推理判断题。 由第一段中的 Does our proximity to large animals in the wild, frequently fueled by a desire for exciting images, lead to such animals becoming accustomed to human contact? If that is t
46、he case, surely the losing side will end up paying the ultimate price for such proximity.(我们与野生大型动物的亲近，常常被对令人兴奋的图像的渴望所驱使，是否会导致这些动物习惯于与人接触？如果真是这样，输的一方肯定会为这样的接近付出最终的代价)及最后一段中的 Ecotourism is expanding market that brings benefits as well as challenges to the regions around the world in which it operates
47、. Simply closing off these regions is not the answer.(生态旅游正在扩大市场，这给它所经营的世界各地带来了好处，也带来了挑战。仅仅关闭这些区域并不是解决之道)可知，本文主要讲生态旅游出现的问题和好的一面，以激发读者对生态旅游的反思。故选B 项。 4.（2020 届广东省高考模拟 ） An advance in electronic publishing could make the ebook you are reading seem as dated as a silent film. Publishers hope to explore
48、the growing success of ebooks by releasing versions with added soundtracks and musical accompaniments. The noises in the first multimedia books- released in Britain on Friday - include rain hitting a window in a Sherlock Holmes tale. When the plot of a book reaches the most exciting part, background
49、 scores will create tension. In America, works by Shakespeare and Jane Austen have already been released with music and background noise so that, for example, readers can hear tea cups clinking in Mr. Darcys garden as they read Pride and Prejudice. Supporters argue that sound effects are the next lo
50、gical development for ebooks and will add excitement for younger readers. Critics, however, will argue that the noise will ruin the simple pleasure of having the imagination stimulated by reading. Caroline Michel, chief executive of the literary agency, said the new generation of computer-literate r