1、专题专题 09 语法填空之说明文语法填空之说明文 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1.（2020 届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Chopsticks play an important role in Chinese food culture. Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes heaven, while the other end is square which symbolizes eart
2、h.This is because keeping enough food is 41 (great) concern than anything else. It is important to note that chopsticks are used in many different cultures and there is no single standard for the use of chopsticks. Here are some customs 42 (associate) with chopsticks in China. Playing with chopstick
3、s 43 (consider) bad manners. And chopsticks should not be placed 44 (vertical) in a bowl of rice or other food. Any stick-like object pointing upward 45 (resemble) the incense (香) sticks that people use 46 offerings to their dead family members. It is also bad manners to tap chopsticks on 47 edge of
4、 ones bowl, because in ancient China beggars often made this noise 48 (attract) attention. In Chinese, “chopsticks” reads “kuai zi”, which means “to have sons soon,” so a newly-married couple will be very happy to accept chopsticks as 49 (they) wedding gift. 50 has already been found out is that usi
5、ng chopsticks improves ones memory, increases finger dexterity (灵巧) and can be useful in learning and improving skills such as Chinese character printing and brush painting. 【答案】 41greater 42associated 43is considered 44vertically 45resembles 46as 47the 48to attract 49their 50What 【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了筷子
6、在中国饮食文化中起着重要的作用及一些与中国筷子有关的习俗。 41考查形容词的比较级。句意：这是因为保持足够的食物比其他任何事情都更加引起人们的关注。由 than 可知，great 应该使用比较级形式。故填 greater。 42考查过去分词。句意：这里有一些与中国筷子有关的习俗。associatewith“将与联系起来”。 customs 承受 associate 的动作， 应使用 associate 的过去分词作后置定语修饰 customs。 故填 associated。 43考查时态和语态。句意：玩筷子被认为是不礼貌的行为。由上下文可知，句子要使用一般现在时，主语 playing with
7、 chopsticks 承受 consider 的动作，因此 consider 还要使用被动语态，动名词作主语，谓语动词使用单数形式。故填 is considered。 44 考查副词。 句意： 筷子不应垂直放在米饭或其他食物中。 副词作状语修饰谓语动词。 故填 vertically。 45考查时态和主谓一致。句意：任何指向上方的棒状物体都类似于人们用来向死去的家人进行供奉的香棒。 由上下文可知， 句子要使用一般现在时， 主语是单数意义， 谓语动词应使用单数形式。 故填 resembles。 46考查介词。句意：任何指向上方的棒状物体都类似于人们用来向死去的家人进行供奉的香棒。useas“将用
8、作”。故填 as。 47考查冠词。句意：用筷子敲击碗边的方式也是不礼貌的，因为在中国古代，乞丐经常发出这种声音来吸引注意力。此处为特指意义，应使用定冠词。on the edge of“在的边缘”。故填 the。 48考查动词不定式。句意：用筷子敲击碗边的方式也是不礼貌的，因为在中国古代，乞丐经常发出这种声音来吸引注意力。此处使用动词不定式作目的状语。故填 to attract。 49考查形容词性物主代词。句意：筷子在中文中读成“ kuai zi”，意思是“快要生儿子”，因此一对新婚夫妇将很高兴接受筷子作为结婚礼物。此处使用形容词性物主代词作定语修饰 wedding gift。故填 their。
9、 50考查主语从句的引导词。句意：已经发现的是，使用筷子可以改善人的记忆力。分析句子结构可知， 空格处所填的词引导主语从句并在从句中作主语， 指物， 意为“东西”， 因此使用 what。 故填 What。 2.（2020 届广东省高考模拟 ） You only have one pair of eyes, so take care of them! But do you know that it is tempting to think that your eyes are simply mirrors that reflect whatever is in front of them? Re
10、searchers, however, 41 ( show) that your brain is constantly working to create the 42 (impress) of an uninterrupted and continuous world. For instance, in the last 10 minutes, you have blinked (眨眼)your eyes around 200 times. You have probably not been aware of any 43 these interruptions in your visu
11、al world. Something you probably have not seen in a long time without the aid of mirrors 44 (be) your nose. It is always right there, down in the bottom comer of your vision, but your brain filters it out so that you are not aware of your nose 45 you purposefully look at it. Nor are you aware of the
12、 artery (动脉) 46 ( run) right down the middle of your retina (视网 膜).It creates 47 large blind spot in your visual field, but you never notice the hole it leaves. To see this blind spot 48 (clear) , try the following: cover your left eye with your hand. With your right eye, look at the 0 on the left.
13、As you move your head 49 ( close) to the 0, the X will disappear as it enters the blind spot 50(cause) by your optical nerve. Your brain works hard to make the world look continuous! 【答案】 41have shown 42impression 43of 44is 45unless 46running 47a 48clearly 49closer 50caused 【解析】这是一篇说明文。人们很容易认为你的眼睛只是
14、一面镜子，反映出你面前的一切,研究人员已经表明，你的大脑在不断地工作，以创造出一个不间断、连续的世界的印象。视网膜中央的动脉，它在你的视野中形成了一个大的盲点。 41考查动词时态。根据句意“然而，研究人员已经表明，你的大脑在不断地工作，以创造出一个不间断、 连续的世界的印象”， 此处指过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响， 应用现在完成时， 且主语为复数名词，助动词用 have。故填 have shown。 42考查名词。根据上文 the 可知应填名词，且表示“印象”名词为 impression。故填 impression。 43考查介词。根据短语 any of 表示“中的任何一个”，故填 of。
15、44考查主谓一致。本句主语为 something，且描述客观事实用一般现在时，故谓语动词用第三人称单数。故填 is。 45考查连词。根据句意“除非你有目的地看它”可知，此处为条件状语从句，表示“除非”应用 unless。故填 unless。 46考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知 run 在句中应用非谓语动词形式作状语，与逻辑主语 artery 构成主动关系，故用现在分词。故填 running。 47考查冠词。spot 为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且 large 为辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。 48考查副词。修饰动词 see 应用副词 clearly，表示“清楚地”。故填 clearl
16、y。 49考查比较级。句意：当你的头离 0 更近的时候，X 就会消失，因为它进入了由你的视神经引起的盲点。结合句意表示“更近”应用形容词比较级 closer。故填 closer。 50考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知 cause 在句中应用非谓语动词形式，且与逻辑主语 blind spot构成被动关系，故用过去分词。故填 caused。 3.（2020 届广东省深圳市高三第一次调研 ） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Reading a book can open the door to a wonderful new world of magic and
17、 41 (discover), which is why people all around the world love to read. Every year many notable prizes 42 (award) to the creative minds behind the books we enjoy. One such prize goes to the best new work of childrens fiction. Known as the Newbery Medal, the award got started back in 1921, 43 Frederic
18、 Melcher suggested the American Library Association set up an annual award 44 the best new childrens book. Everyone agreed, and they 45 (eventual) decided to name the award after John Newbery, an 18th-century English publisher who had made great efforts 46 (promote) childrens literature. The winning
19、 book is selected by a committee that 47 (vary) from year to year, and the process of 48 (choose) a winner takes an entire year. Sometimes, 49 committee will designate (指定)honor books, which are books that might not have won the award, but are still considered to be very50 (impress). So next time yo
20、u are at the bookstore, take a look at the childrens section. 【答案】 41discovery 42are awarded 43when 44for 45eventually 46to promote 47varies 48choosing 49the 50impressive 【解析】本文是说明文。读书可以开阔人们的视野，发现未知世界的秘密。文章介绍了儿童读物奖“纽伯里奖”的来历。 41考查名词。句意：读书可以打开神奇的世界之门并给人们带来新的发现，这就是全世界的人们都喜欢读书的原因。 此处需要填入名词和magic并列， 它们一起
21、来作介词of的宾语， discover的名词是discovery，它在句子中作为不可数名词使用。故填 discovery。 42考查时态和语态。句意：每年，我们喜欢的书背后的创新思维都会获得许多杰出的奖项。由 every year 可知， 句子要使用一般现在时， 主语 prizes 承受 award 的动作，因此 award 还要使用被动语态。故填 are awarded。 43考查定语从句的引导词。句意：该奖项被称为纽伯里奖，该奖项始于 1921 年，当时弗雷德里克 梅尔彻（Frederic Melcher）建议美国图书馆协会设立年度最佳新儿童读物奖。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先
22、行词是 1921，它在从句中作状语，因此使用 when 引导定语从句。故填 when。 44考查介词。句意：该奖项被称为纽伯里奖，该奖项始于 1921 年，当时弗雷德里克 梅尔彻（Frederic Melcher）建议美国图书馆协会设立年度最佳新儿童读物奖。此处需要填入介词，结合句意及语境，应使用for，表示“为了”。故填 for。 45 考查副词。 句意： 大家都同意了， 他们最终决定以 18 世纪英国出版商约翰 纽伯里 （John Newbery）的名字命名，他为促进儿童文学做出了巨大的努力。副词作状语修饰动词 decided。故填 eventually。 46 考查固定短语。 句意： 大
23、家都同意了， 他们最终决定以18世纪英国出版商约翰 纽伯里 （John Newbery）的名字命名， 他为促进儿童文学做出了巨大的努力。 make great efforts to do 是固定结构， 意为“努力做某事”。故填 to promote。 47考查时态和主谓一致。句意：获奖书是由每年不同的委员会选出的，而选出获奖者的过程则需要一整年的时间。由 from year to year 可知，定语从句使用一般现在时，committee 是从句的主语，因此从句的谓语动词使用单数形式。故填 varies。 48考查动名词。句意：获奖书是由每年不同的委员会选出的，而选出获奖者的过程则需要一整年的
24、时间。此处需要填入动名词作介词 of 的宾语。故填 choosing。 49考查冠词。句意：有时，委员会将指定荣誉图书，这些图书可能没有获得奖项，但仍然被认为是给人留下深刻印象的。此处为第二次提到该委员会，为特指意义，应使用定冠词。故填 the。 50考查形容词。句意：有时，委员会会指定荣誉图书，这些图书可能没有获得奖项，但仍然被认为是给人留下深刻印象的。be 动词后接形容词作表语，结合句意使用 impress 的形容词 impressive。故填impressive。 4. （2020 届河南省安阳市高三第二次模拟） It takes a lot of land and water 41 (
25、grow) animals. People might one day grow meat in factories instead of having to harvest it from farmed animals. Growing meat in a lab could mean 42 (use) fewer animals and lowering the 43 (environment) costs of raising livestock（牲畜）. So far, no attempts at lab-grown meat 44 (manage) to match the tex
26、ture （结构， 口感） of the animal muscles eaten as meat. One new development does this by using a technique of making cotton candy. It grows meat with more structures. Researchers have already known how to grow cells, 45 are the basis of meat. However, a pile of cells does not have the chewy texture of a
27、chicken breast. Cells without a support 46 (be) more like a soup, or at best a meatball . The new process resembles 47 way that cotton candy is made, except that it uses gelatin （明胶） instead of melted sugar. The lab-grown samples all look like the different natural 48 (meat). And they have similar m
28、aterial nature, too. The nature affects how chewy, springy or soft the meat is. 49 controlling how the gelatin fibers are twisted, the scientists can set the fibers arrangement and spacing, which determines 50 the man-made meat ends up more like a burger or a steak. 【答案】 41to grow 42using 43environm
29、ental 44have managed 45which 46are 47the 48meats 49By 50whether 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科技技术：一种利用制作棉花糖的技术来制造肉。 41考查固定句式。句意：饲养动物需要大量的土地和水。it takes sth to do，固定句式，意为“需要做某事”。故填 to grow。 42考查动名词和固定结构。句意：在实验室里种植肉类可能意味着使用更少的动物和降低饲养牲畜的环境成本。mean doing sth，固定结构，意为“意味着做某事”。故填 using。 43考查形容词。句意：在实验室里种植肉类可能意味着使用
30、更少的动物和降低饲养牲畜的环境成本。分析可知，所填空应是形容词作定语修饰之后的名词 costs(费用；成本)。故填 environmental。 44考查时态。句意：到目前为止，还没有人尝试过在实验室里培育出与食用动物肌肉结构相匹配的肉。根据时间状语 so far 可知应是现在完成时。故填 have managed。 45考查定语从句。句意：研究人员已经知道如何培养作为肉类基础的细胞。分析可知，“_5_ are the basis of meat”应是之前名词 cells 的非限制性定语从句，先行词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词 which 引导。故填 which。 46考查时态。句意：没有支撑
31、物的细胞更像汤，或者至多像个肉丸子。分析可知，所填空在句中作谓语，结合语境可知时态为一般现在时，主语为“Cells”，名词复数，谓语动词应用复数形式。故填 are。 47考查冠词。句意：新工艺类似于棉花糖的制作方法，只不过它使用的是明胶，而不是融化的糖。分析可知， 所填空之后为名词 way，应有冠词作限定词， 且之后有定语从句修饰， 表特指，应用定冠词 the。故填 the。 48考查名词复数。句意：实验室培养的样本看起来都像是不同的天然肉类。分析可知，当表达各种各样不同种类的肉时，名词 meat 可用复数形式表达。故填 meats。 49考查介词。句意：通过控制明胶纤维的扭曲方式，科学家们可
32、以设定纤维的排列和间距，从而决定人造肉最终是更像汉堡还是牛排。分析可知，“_9_ controlling how the gelatin fibers are twisted”应是句中的方式状语，by doing，“通过做某事的方式”，在句中可作方式状语。故填 By。 50考查宾语从句。句意：通过控制明胶纤维的扭曲方式，科学家们可以设定纤维的排列和间距，从而决定人造肉最终是更像汉堡还是牛排。分析可知，“_10_ the man-made meat ends up more like a burger or a steak”应是宾语从句，结合句意可知，从句句子结构完整，表达不确定性，应用“是否”
33、含义连接词，且从句中含有“or”，whetheror，“是还是”符合句意。故填 whether。 5.（2020 届湖南省衡阳市高三毕业班联考） 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1 个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The earliest elephant relatives 41(originate) in Africa about 60 million years ago and were driven away to every continent unearth, except Antarctica and Australia. There are about 165 42(k
34、now) elephant species from the fossil record. However, scientists estimate that there would have been many more species that we havent found yet in this branch of 43 evolutionary tree of life. 44 Earths more recent history, between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago, there were 16 species of elephants with
35、 their relatives 45(live) at the same time around the world, including at least seven in the United States. Today, there are only three species of elephants that remain: the African savannah elephant (萨凡纳象), the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. 46 (population) of all three species ar
36、e declining, with Asian elephants47 (current) at a much higher risk of extinction. Todays elephants are part of the order Proboscidea (长鼻目) that consists of modern elephants and their extinct relatives. This kind of, the animals 48(have)a proboscis, or trunk, which they use to eat and drink. 49today
37、 there are only three species of elephants surviving, their evolutionary history is much 50 (diverse). 【答案】 41originated 42known 43the 44In 45living 46Populations 47currently 48has 49While/ Although /Though 50more diverse 【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了大象物种的演变和现状。 41考查动词时态。about 60 million years ago 提示本句用一般过去时。故填
38、originated。 42考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，are 是谓语动词，前后没有连词，know 要用非谓语形式，它与物种是被动关系。故填 known。 43考查冠词。在生命的进化中，表示特指。故填 the。 44考查介词。在地球近期历史中，inhistory。故填 In。 45考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，这里是 with+宾语+宾补结构，亲戚和住是主动关系，用现在分词，故填 living。 46考查名词复数。表示三个物种的数量用复数名词，are 提示主语是复数，故填 Populations。 47考查副词。副词修饰介词短语。故填 currently。 48考查动词时态。分析句子
39、结构主语是 this kind，谓语用单数，这种大象使用象鼻帮助吃东西喝水。故填 has。 49考查状语从句连接词。前后表示让步，虽然现存大象物种减少到三种，但它们的进化史却更加多样化。故填 While/ Although /Though。 50考查形容词比较级。be 动词后用形容词，much 修饰形容词比较级。故填 more diverse。 6.（2020 届湖南省岳阳市高三教学质量检测） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The maned wolf is a weird -looking beast. It is41distinct species
40、in the Canidae family. The wolves live in a vast tropical savanna in South America 42 (call) the Corrado, which boasts extraordinary varieties of plants and animals. But that habitat43(disappear )gradually due to rapid expansion of agriculture. According to Smithsonian scientist Songsasen, this larg
41、e-scale habitat44 (lose) threatens the future of the maned wolf species. Eight percent of the grassland has disappeared, and only five percent of the natural habitat that remains 45(protect) at present. So Songsasen and his team are attempting to breed an insurance population of maned wolves, 46(bas
42、ic), a backup population of captive maned wolves 47case the animals become extinct in the wild. In order to play matchmaker for the wolves, Songsasen works with scientists all over the country 48(build) a genetic database of the wolves currently in captivity. Each wolf is given a genetic value corre
43、sponding with49related they are to other wolves. The 50(little) related two wolves are, the better suited they are as potential mates. That s because genetic diversity helps a population survive. 【答案】 41a 42called 43is disappearing 44loss 45is protected/is being protected 46basically 47in 48to build
44、 49how 50less 【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了鬃狼这种动物，这些狼生活在南美洲一个叫做科拉多的热带大草原上，那里有各种各样的植物和动物。但是由于农业的迅速扩张，这种栖息地正在逐渐消失。以及人们为保护这种动物采取的措施。 41考查冠词。后文 species 表示“物种”此处泛指应用不定冠词，且 distinct 为辅音音素开头的单词。故填 a。 42考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知 call 在句中应用非谓语动词形式做状语，与逻辑主语 wolves构成被动关系，故用过去分词。故填 called。 43考查动词时态。句意：但是由于农业的迅速扩张，这种栖息地正在逐渐消失。表示目前正在
45、进行的动作应用现在进行时，主语为 habitat，谓语动词用单数。故填 is disappearing。 44考查名词。此处做主语表示“丧失”应用名词 loss。故填 loss。 45考查动词时态语态。此处可理解为陈述客观事实用一般现在时，也可理解为目前正在进行的动作用现在进行时，主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，主语为 only five percent of the natural habitat，谓语动词应用单数形式。故填 is protected/is being protected。 46考查副词。修饰后文整个句子应用副词 basically，表示“基本上”。故填 basically。 4
46、7考查介词。此处为目的状语从句，表示“以防，以免”短语为 in case。故填 in。 48考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知 build 在句中应用非谓语动词形式，且本句中表目的应用不定式。故填 to build。 49考查连接词。此处为宾语从句，且修饰后文形容词 related 应用 how。故填 how。 50考查比较级。此处为固定结构“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。故填 less。 7.（2020 届江西省重点中学协作体高三第一次联考） 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When you say that someone has a
47、good memory, what do you mean? Are you saying the person has fast recall or that she or he absorbs information quickly? Or maybe you just mean that the person remembers a lot about the childhood. The41( true ) is that it is difficult to say exactly what memory is. Scientists believe that a memory is
48、 made up of bits and pieces of information42(store) all over the brain. Perhaps the best way to describe memory is to say that it is a process 43 recording, storing and retrieving (提取) information. It is this process 44 allows us to keep memories of past events and facts. In order for information to
49、 be remembered, it must be recorded in the brain. And 45(record) something in brain, you have to notice it or register it, using46 or more of your five sensessight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. Through practice and repetition the pieces that make up your memory of that information 47(strengthen
50、). Memory can be48(negative) affected by a number of things. Poor nutrition and depression can affect the ability to keep information. Over-drinking alcohol can also lead to49(damage) the brain over the long term. A vision or hearing impairment (损伤) may affect the ability to notice certain things, t