1、Unit 2 Grammar and usage Natural disasters To-infinitives as attributives and adverbials of result 1. Alice Brown, head teacher at Falmont Primary School, was teaching when the floor began to shake. 2. The moment the shaking stopped, Miss Brown sensed it was the best time for the class to make their
2、 escape. 3. She signalled to her students to exit the classroom in an orderly line covering their heads with their hands. 4. We practise earthquake safety procedures twice a year, said Miss Brown, so the kids were calm enough to protect themselves during the earthquake. Lead-in Anna is interviewing
3、her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane. Find the sentences with to-infinitives as attributives. Exploring the rules To-infinitives as attributives I was staying in Atlanta, and that was the first city to be hit. The roads were blocked, so there was nothing for me to do but stay
4、 inside. I had enough food and water to last a whole week! Rule 1 When the to-infinitive is used as an attributive, it is often put (before/after) the noun or pronoun it modifies. after To-infinitives as attributives What is the logical relationship? He is the best man to choose. He is the best man
5、to make the choice. subjectverb verbobject He is the best man that we can choose. Clint was the second person to survive in the earthquake. subjectverb A person needs just three things to be truly happy in the worldsomeone to love, something to do and something to hope for. Wise men speak because th
6、ey have something to say; fools because they have to say something. verbobject The need to love and to be loved is universal. In order to grow, people need to have a willingness to take risks and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first. apposition What is the logical relationship? verb
7、object The logical relationship between the to-infinitive as an attributive and the noun or pronoun it modifies: 1. Subjectverb 2. Verbobject 3. Apposition Practice 1. No other local beaches survived the disaster without any loss of life besides Goldshore Beach. Goldshore Beach is the only local bea
8、ch to survive the disaster without any loss of life. subjectverb Rewrite the following sentences, using to-infinitive as attributives. 3. She expressed her wish. She wanted to go back after the flood struck her hometown. She expressed her wish to go back after the flood struck her hometown. appositi
9、on 2. Why dont you get a backpack? You can carry your disaster supplies in it. Why dont you get a backpack to carry your disaster supplies in? verbobject Anna is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane. Find the sentences with to-infinitives as adverbials. Exploring
10、 the rules To-infinitives as adverbials of result When the wind and rain stopped, I looked out of the window, only to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere! That morning, I turned on the TV for some local news, only to hear that a hurricane was on its way. Rule 2 When the to-in
11、finitive is used as an adverbial of result, it can refer to an _(expected/unexpected） result. In this case, we often use only before the to-infinitive. To-infinitives as adverbials of result unexpected To-infinitives as adverbial of result 1. Its never too late to learn. too . to . 2. I was fortunat
12、e enough to get the ticket. . enough to . 3. Jane sang so well as to come out first in the singing competition. so . as to . 4. He left home, never to return. never to . To-infinitives as adverbial of _ To protect yourself from a typhoon, follow the proper safety procedures. During a typhoon, you sh
13、ould do your best to keep your head. Pay attention to news updates to confirm whether the danger is gone. purpose Practice 1 1. 我匆忙赶到家，结果发现所有的家具都被洪水冲走了。 I hurried home, _ _. 2. 她很漂亮，吸引了我们所有人。 She is so beautiful _. 3. 这箱子太沉了，我挪都挪不动。 The box is too heavy _. 4. 不要逃避问题，要想成功，你得学会应对难题。 Dont avoid the pro
14、blem. _, you have to tackle your difficulties. only to find all the furniture had been washed as to attract all of us for me to even move To succeed away by the flood Complete the following sentences. Practice 2 Rewrite the following sentences, using to-infinitive as adverbials. 1. We cannot stop na
15、tural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge. In this way, we can make full preparations for disasters. We cannot stop natural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge so as to make full preparations for disasters. 3. Follow the proper safety procedures so that you can protect yo
16、urself from a typhoon. To protect yourself from a typhoon, follow the proper safety procedures. 2. The kids were very calm. They can protect themselves during the earthquake. The kids were calm enough to protect themselves during the earthquake. Task 1: Match the first half of the sentences below wi
17、th the correct to-infinitives. Then try to understand the functions of the to-infinitives. 1. I went to the annual earthquake workshop 2. The authorities told the local people 3. They arrived at the airport 4. Before we returned home, the flood damage needed 5. This was the last city a to be cleared
18、 of people before the volcano erupted. b to be repaired. c to stay inside when the typhoon arrived. d only to find the flight had been cancelled due to a snowstorm. e to learn some safety tips. adverbial of purpose object complement adverbial of result object attributive Applying the rules Task 2: B
19、elow is Annas to-do list from yesterday afternoon. Complete the diary entry below using to-infinitives. to find books about hurricanes to find he was not in his office to attend to make PPT slides for my project Applying the rules Task 3: Jim is talking to his friend Julie about his experience after
20、 the earthquake. In pairs, complete the conversation below using to-infinitives. was actually the first to leave to keep us warm wanted to return home as soon as possible to find it completely destroyed advised us to take an active part in the rebuilding Applying the rules Task 4: Rewrite the passag
21、e, using to-infinitives. Though the causes of floods are unavoidable, preparations before, during and after a flood can make a difference. Before a flood occurs, we must do something that can reduce the risk to people and their valuables. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light so
22、urce, sleeping bags, and at least three days of food and drinking water. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house. In this way, they will not be washed away by the flood. During a flood, its important that you should leave where you are immediately and
23、move to higher ground. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water can knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away. After a flood, listen for official news report and find out when its safe to return to your home. As you retu
24、rn home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater. It may be polluted, so dont touch it. Applying the rules Before a flood occurs, we must do something that can reduce the risk to people and their valuables. Before a flood occurs, we must do something to reduce the risk to peopl
25、e and their valuables. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and at least three days of food and drinking water. Firstly, you should prepare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and food and drinking water to last at least three days. Seco
26、ndly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house. In this way, they will not be washed away by the flood. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house to avoid being washed away by the flood. During a flood, its important
27、that you should leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground. During a flood, its important to leave where you are immediately and move to higher ground. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water can knock an adult down and 60 ce
28、ntimetres can wash most cars away. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water is enough to knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater. It ma
29、y be polluted and unsafe, so dont touch it. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater because it may be polluted and unsafe to touch. After a flood, listen for official news report and find out when its safe to return to your home. After a flood, listen for of
30、ficial news report to find out when its safe to return to your home. Though the causes of floods are unavoidable, preparations before, during and after a flood can make a difference. Before a flood occurs, we must do something to reduce the risk to people and their valuables. Firstly, you should pre
31、pare disaster supplies like a light source, sleeping bags, and food and drinking water to last at least three days. Secondly, you should bring the most important objects to the upper levels of your house to avoid being washed away by the flood. During a flood, its important to leave where you are im
32、mediately and move to higher ground. Dont walk or drive through the moving floodwater, since as little as 15 centimetres of moving water is enough to knock an adult down and 60 centimetres can wash most cars away. After a flood, listen for official news report to find out when its safe to return to your home. As you return home, watch out for possible dangers. Keep away from the floodwater because it may be polluted and unsafe to touch. Sample Finish the exercise C on page 64 of the textbook. Homework