1、Grammar and usageRestrictiverelative clauses with relative pronouns 语法感知 感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题 1When I was an awkward primary school student，she was the popular girl who was willing to make friends with me. 2I also had a friend whom I trusted a lot. 3A real friend is someone whose support we can count o
2、n. 4A real friend is someone who sees our true self，not just the face that we show to the world. 关系代词引导定语从句时，关系代词在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。who 指人，可在句中 作主语或宾语，如句 1 和句 4 中都作主语；that 可指人，也可指物，在从句中作主语或者宾 语， 如在句 4 中作宾语； whom 指人， 可在句中作宾语， 如句 2； whose 通常指人， 也可指物， 在定语从句中作定语，如句 3。 语法精析 在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句
3、修饰的名 词或代词叫先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和 从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词 两种，关系代词有 that，which，who，whom，whose 等；关系副词有 when，where，why。 一、关系代词的用法 1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 The person who tricked me was one of my classmates. 骗我的那个人是我的一个同学。 He is the man who I respect very much. 他就是我非常尊重的那个人。 2w
4、hom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。 The old man (whom) the girl had tricked was my grandfather. 女孩欺骗的那位老人是我的爷爷。 温馨提示 (1)关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who/that 来代替。 The boy (who/whom/that) we saw yesterday was Johns brother. 昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。 (2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用 whom，不用 who。 He is a man from whom we are all ready
5、 to learn. 他是我们大家都准备向他学习的人。 3which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school. 她曾经获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。 4that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语， 作宾语时可省略。 The woman (that) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal. 我在报纸上读到的那位女士刚刚赢得了
6、一枚金牌。 The report (that) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race. 特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。 温馨提示 (1)宜用 that 不宜用 which 的情况 当先行词是 all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，some 等不定代 词时。 All that can be done has been done. 一切能做的都已经做完了。 当先行词被 all，every，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，th
7、e right，the last， just 等修饰时。 Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。 当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the most interesting story that I have ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最有趣的故事。 当先行词中既有人又有物时。 She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most. 她在作文中描述了令她印象最
8、深刻的一些人和地方。 (2)宜用 which 不宜用 that 的情况 关系代词前有介词时。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。 在非限制性定语从句中。 Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 你读过一个年轻女孩写的这本书吗？ (3)宜用 who 不宜用 that 的情况 当先行词是指人的不定代词 one，ones，anyone 时。 Anyone who does that must be m
9、ad. 谁那样做都一定是疯了。 当先行词是人称代词 I，you，he，they 等时(常用于谚语中)。 He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。 当先行词为指人的 those 时。 Those who have good manners will be highly respected. 那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。 在 there be 结构中，先行词指人时。 There is a young man who wants to see you. 有一个年轻人想见你。 5whose 通常指人，也可指物，
10、在定语从句中作定语。 This is the person whose story surprised everybody. 就是这个人的故事让所有人吃了一惊。 温馨提示 whose 指物时，常用下列结构来代替： The classroom whose door is broken can hold 40 students. The classroom the door of which is broken can hold 40 students. The classroom of which the door is broken can hold 40 students. 那间被弄坏了门的
11、教室能容纳 40 个学生。 二、使用定语从句的注意事项 1关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。 Those who are over 45 wont be permitted into the hall. 超过 45 岁的人不允许进入这个大厅。 温馨提示 “one of复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“the only one of复数名词”作先 行词，谓语动词用单数形式。 This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens. 这是查理斯 狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。 He i
12、s the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French. 他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。 2为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。 This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited 后不可加 it) 这就是我们上星期天参观过的那家工厂。 .单句语法填空 1They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for the
13、se animals.(2019 全国) 2The students benefitting most from college are those who are totally engaged(参与) in academic life.(2019 北京) 3Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease.(2018
14、 全国) 4I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise. 5Maybe you have a habit that/which is driving your family crazy. 6The exact year which/that Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 7Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for t
15、he position. 8Well reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year. .用定语从句合并句子 9Do you know the man？The man spoke to the headmaster just now. Do you know the man who/that spoke to the headmaster just now? 10The woman is my mother.You are looking after her. The woman
16、 that/who/whom you are looking after is my mother. 11My grandparents live in a house.It is more than 100 years old. My grandparents live in a house which/that is more than 100 years old. 12Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her. Last week Mary wore the dress that/which I gave to her. 13The girl is from America.Her father is a Chinese. The girl whose father is a Chinese is from America. 14The room is mine.Its windows face north. The room whose windows/the windows of which/of which the windows face north is mine.