1、,Discovering Useful Structures Basic Useful Structures,Welcome Unit,1. 句子的基本成分： Subject, Verb, Object, Predicative, Adverbial, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object Complement 2. 简单句的几大基本句型结构： SV, SVO, SVP, SVIODO, SVOOC, SVAd, SVOAd, There be,一个句子一般由两部分构成： 即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。 句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语
2、，状语，表语等。,主语(S)：是一个句子的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如： Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends.(我们是朋友。) 在这两句话中，单词students是名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。,1. 主语(Subject),谓语(V) ：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词（vt. 及物动词/vi. 不及物动词）或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如： Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends. (我们是朋友。) 这两句话中，单词study和are都是动词，st
3、udy叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。,2. 谓语(Verb),宾语(O)：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如： I play with him. (我和他一起玩。),3. 宾语(Object),定语(P)：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如： This is a red sun. He is a tall boy.,4. 定语(Predicative),状语(Ad)：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以
4、放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如： The students study hard. I often write to him. The bag is too heavy.,5. 状语(Adverbial),表语(P)：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。 如： English is not easy. We are family.,6. 表语(Predicative),英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思
5、。,7. 宾语补足语(Object Complement),1. We called him Dongming. (名词)2. We saw him playing soccer. (现在分词） 3. We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)4. We found math difficult. (形容词) 5. Mom makes me study all day. (省to不定式),红色部分为句子的宾语补足语：,双宾语：IO + DO,在动词后方所跟的双宾语中， 表示物的叫做直接宾语(Direct Object)，简称“直宾”； 表示人的叫做间接宾语(Indirec
6、t Object)，简称“间宾” 。,例：红色部分为IO；蓝色部分为DO,He read us the text. My sister wrote me a letter. Henry teaches us English. My mother bought me a watch. Her mother made her a cake. Would you fetch me some chalk? Ill order you a new dictionary. He found Tom a tax.,英语句子长短简繁不一，但可以归纳成五种基本句型：,基本句型一： + （主谓） 基本句型二： +
7、 + O （主谓宾） 基本句型三： + + P （主谓/系表） 基本句型四： + + InO + D (主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： + + + O （主谓宾宾补）,V,特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,S,e.g. His words works.,+V（主谓）,The boy spoke loudly to his teacher. He spoke in a low voice.,(主语+不及物动词) 扩展和修饰：,S + V + Ad (主 + 谓 + 状),1. 她昨天回家很晚。,2. 会议将持续两个小时。,She
8、 went home very late yesterday evening.,The meeting will last two hours., + +Ad（主谓状）,特点：谓语动词都是实义动词，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 e.g. We like the movie. S,V,O,基本句型二, + + （主谓宾）,宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。,如： 1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent
9、 decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 5. It took them ten years to build the dam. 6. Mother promises to give me a present.,作宾语的词： 1. 名词 I dont know him. 2. 代词 He refused to support us. 3. 反身代词 Please express yourself in your own words. 4. 不定式 We managed to put the
10、 fire out. 5. 动名词 She avoided answering them. 6. 从句 She found that she wrong. 7. wh-词 + to do I dont know what to do with it.,I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. Unfortunately, I forgot to mail the letter yesterday. I had my first maths class in senior high school.,(主语+及物动词+宾语) 扩展和修饰：,S + V + O +
11、 Ad (主 + 谓 + 宾 + 状）,1昨晚我写了一封信。,2今天下午我想同你谈谈。,3这本书他读过多次了。,4那位先生能流利地说三种语言。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,S + V + O + Ad (主 + 谓 + 宾 + 状）,特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复
12、合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做(连)系动词。系动词可分四类： 1. be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用,后可接动词外的任何词； 2. 感官动词类：look, feel, smell, taste, sound 等 +adj.； 3. 表示变化：get, grow, become, turn, go 等； 4. 表示状态延续：stay, keep, prove, remain 等。,基本句型三, + + P（主系表）,1冬季白天短，夜晚长。 2十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 3孩子们很少保持安静。 4她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。,In winter, the days
13、are short and the nights are long.,At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.,Children seldom keep quiet.,Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.,5他失业了。 6树叶已经变黄了。 7这个报告听起来很有意思。,He is out of work.,The leaves have turned yellow.,The report sounds interesting., + + InO + D（主谓间宾直宾）
14、,说明：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事物)”组成。如： He brings me cookies every day. 常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等。,1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 4他把车票给列车员看。,Mr Johnson taught us German last year.,Grandm
15、a told me an interesting story last night.,Would you please pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,V,O,OC, + + + O（主谓宾宾补）,S,说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing
16、. You must get your hair cut. They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on.,注意：,用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即： 主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,1. 我们叫她Alice。 2. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3. 他们把小偷释放了。 4. 我要你把真相告诉我。 5. 卫兵命令我
17、们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7. 他每个月理一次发。 8. 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。,We call her Alice.,All of us considered him honest.,They have set the thief free.,I want you to tell me the truth.,The guards ordered us to leave at once.,Every morning we hear him read English aloud.,He has his hair cut once a month.,We wont let her go out at night.,