1、Unit 5 非谓语动词及动词短语 语法精讲 一、非谓语动词 动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词，仍需用动词 表达语义，就只能用该动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词，又叫非限定动 词，是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分，也就是 说，非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以充当句子的任何其他成 分，当然，这不是说任何单个的非谓语动词可以在句中充当任何成分， 非谓语动词有类别之分，共有三大类，它们分别具有不同的句法功能， 在句中充当不同的非谓语成分。 非谓语动词有三大类，分别是： 动词不定式：to do（表示目的和将来） 动词的-ing形式 ：又细分为动名词（相当于名词）和现在分词
2、 （表示主动或进行） 动词的过去分词：done（表示被动或完成） 考点1 动词不定式：to do 动词不定式具有动词的特点，在句中充当非谓语成分。 1.不定式的分类 （注：不定式的否定形式是直接在to前加not，如not to do） （1）不定式一般式（to do/to be done）的用法： 表示将来，即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。 We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。 We expect him to come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。 The task is expected to be finished by Friday. 这项
3、任务希望在周五前可以完成。 表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。 He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。（to be tired和seems同时发生） Im sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。（to hear略先于am sorry） （2）不定式进行式（to be doing）的用法： 在seem, appear, happen, think, consider, believe, say, report等动词后， 有时用不定式的进行式to be doing表示这些动词的动作发生的同时，不 定式所表示的动作或状态也正在进行或持续着。 I ha
4、ppened to be cooking when the telephone rang. 当电话铃响时，我恰巧在做饭。 The boy pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in. 当他母亲进来时，那孩子假装在睡觉。 （3）不定式完成式（to have done/to have been done）的用法： 不定式完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作或表示在某个给 定的时间之前已完成的动作。 Sorry to have given you trouble. 对不起，打扰了。 I feel fortunate to have met th
5、em. 我觉得很幸运能见到他们。 I hope to have finished the work by Friday. 我希望星期五以前完成这项工作。 2.不定式（短语）在句中充当的成分 （1）不定式（短语）作主语 不定式（短语）作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 To say is one thing and to do is another. 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。 注意 当不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，将不定式to do放在最 后作真正的主语，使句子保持平衡。 It + takes sb.some time + to
6、 do sth.做某事花费了某人 多长时间 It takes us an hour to get there by bus. 坐公共汽车到那里花费了我们一个小时。（it是形式主语，真正 的主语是to get there） Its + n. + to do sth.做某事是 Its our duty to clean the classroom. 打扫教室是我们的职责。（it是形式主语，真正的主语是to clean the classroom） It is + adj. + for sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事 是（形容事物的性质） Its very hard for him to
7、 study two languages.对他来说学 习两门语言很困难。（it是形式主语，真正的主语是 to study two languages，此处形容词hard修饰的是study two languages，指学习 两门语言难，需用介词for引出him） It is + adj. + of sb.to do sth.对某人来说做某事是 （形容人的品质） Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，真是太好了。（此处nice修饰you，指you是好心 的，故需使用介词of引出you） （2）不定式（短语）作表语 不定式（短语）作表语多用于be动词后，其用
8、法主要有以下几种： be to do.用于第一人称疑问句中，表示征求对方意见 Am I to go on with the work? 要我继续这项工作吗？ What are we to do next? 我们下一步该怎么办？ 表示按约定、计划，或按职责、义务、要求等即将发生的动作 （表示将来时） They are to pay a visit to the teacher together at 10 a.m.tomorrow. 他们计划明天上午10点一起去看这位老师。 We are to meet at the station at four this afternoon. 我们今天下午4
9、点在车站见面。 表示必须或应该（在意义上等于must, should, ought to或have to） You are to finish the work before five this afternoon. 你们必须在今天下午五点以前完成这项任务。 This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这种药一天要服三次。 用来表示注定要发生或不可避免要发生的事 His theory was to change the views on the universe. 他的理论势必要改变（人类）对宇宙的看法。 （3）不定式（短语）作宾语 不定式（
10、短语）作宾语常用于动词的固定搭配中。 I want to take a drawing class. 我想上绘画课。 （此处to take a drawing class作动词want的宾语） Zoe prefers to watch TV at home rather than go out. 佐伊宁愿在家看电视也不愿出门。 （此处to watch TV作prefer的宾语） 接不定式作宾语的常见动词或短语有：like, would like, try, need, plan, prefer, stop,expect, learn, promise, begin, determine, re
11、fuse, offer, fail, manage, seem, intend, forget,want, prepare, pretend, afford, wish等。 it代替不定式（短语）作形式宾语 常见句型：sb.think/find/feel/consider/make/regar+ it +形容词/名词 +不定式（短语） I find it more and more interesting to learn English. 我发觉学习英语越来越有意思。 （it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是to learn English） 疑问词+不定式作宾语 She has told me wh
12、at to do next. 她告诉了我接下来要做什么。 （what to do作told的宾语） He taught us how to use the tool. 他教我们如何使用这个工具。 （how to use 作taught的宾语） 注意 中考常考的、既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同的 动词（短语）有： （4）不定式（短语）作宾语补足语 在英语中，某些及物动词不仅需要宾语，而且还要求用某个词或词 组来补充说明宾语，即表示宾语代表的人或物所发出的动作或所处的状 态，这个词或短语称为宾语补足语。 Ill get someone to repair the car for you
13、. 我将找人给你修理一下车。 （someone作get 的宾语，to repair the car作get的宾语补足 语） My parents allow me to go out with my friends. 我的父母允许我和我的朋友一起外出。 （me作allow的宾语，to go out with my friends作allow的宾语 补足语） 注意 能够接宾语补足语的常考动词有advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage,force, get, invite, order, wish, want, warn, remind,
14、promise, permit, persuade, request等，然 而，一些动词接不定式（短语）作宾语补足语时，要去掉不定式标志 to（这些动词用于被动语态时，不定式补足语前的to需保留），有个 别动词接不定式（短语） 作宾语补足语既可加to，也可不加to。 充当宾语补足语的不定式要去to的情况： feel（一感）, hear, listen to（二听）, have, let, make（三使）, notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）（即：吾看三室两厅一感觉）等动词 后面接不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后， 仍需带to
15、。 They saw the boy fall off the tree. 他们看到这个男孩从树上掉下来了。 （宾语补足语fall off前不带to） The boy was seen to fall off the tree. 这个男孩被看到从树上掉下来了。 （主语补足语to fall off中的to仍保留） We often hear him sing the song. 我们经常听到他唱这首歌。 （宾语补足语sing the song前不带to） He is often heard to sing the song. 他经常被听到唱这首歌。 （主语补足语to sing the song中
16、的to仍保留） help后面接不定式（短语）作宾语补足语时，不定式可以带 to，也可以不带to。 I often help him（to）clean the room. 我经常帮助他清理房间。 （5）不定式（短语）作定语 不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修 饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特 定动作。 Do you have anything to wash today? 你今天有要洗的东西吗？ （to wash放在anything后修饰anything，意为“要洗的东西”） Singapore is a good place to prac
17、tice your English. 新加坡是你练习英语的好地方。 （to practice放在a good place后来修饰名词place） （6）不定式（短语）作状语 不定式（短语）作状语一般表示目的、原因、结果。 I came here to see you. 我来这里看你。（不定式表目的） We were very excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们非常兴奋。 （不定式表示原因） He hurried to the school（only）to find nobody there. 他匆匆赶到学校，却发现那里没有人。 （不定式表示结果；常常在不定式前
18、用only修饰，强调意想不到的 结果） 考点2 动词-ing形式（动名词 you will feel tired in class. I wont, Mum. 2.Paul made a nice cage _（keep）the little sick bird till it could fl. 3.The Greens used to live in London and now they are used to _（live）in Beijing. 4.Its windy outside._（穿上）your jacket, Bob.Dont catch a cold. 5.Tom, wo
19、uld you please _（not open）the box? Its for your sister. 6.My best friend helps to _（使展现出）the best in me, as the saying goes. 7.The retired couple enjoy _（take）photos.They always go out with their cameras. 8._（醒醒）, Bill.Its time to go to school. 9.Mrs.White, can I leave my homework for tomorrow? Im a
20、fraid not.Dont _（推迟）what you can do today till tomorrow. 10.Shes not strong enough _（go）walking up mountains. II.单项选择。 11.Would you mind _ in the dining hall? Of course not. A.notto smoke B.not smoking C.smoke D.not smoke 12.Its getting dark.Could you please _ the light for me? All right.Just a minu
21、te. A.keep on B.turn on C.try on D.put on 13.It was time for class.Mr.King asked all the children _ down quietly. A.sit B.sat C.to sit D.sitting 14.Can you finish _ these books before 10 oclock? Yes, I can. A.to read B.read C.reads D.reading 15.My parents often tell me _ too much junk food because i
22、ts bad for my health. A.not eating B.notto eat C.eating D.to eat 16.Dont worry.Im sure youll _ your classmates if you are kind and friendly. A.catchup with B.be pleasedwith C.get on wellwith D.agree with 17.He lost his key.It made him _ in the cold to wait for his wifes return A.to stay B.stayed C.s
23、tays D.stay 18.Im looking forward to _ my parents soon.What about you? Me too. A.seeing B.see C.saw D.seen 19.Many children are left alone in the countryside.Lets try our best _ them. A.help B.helping C.tohelp D.helps 20.Our English teacher often says to us, “_ English well is very important”. A.Lea
24、rn B.Learning C.Learned D.To learning 21.He hurried back home _ his schoolbag. A.fetched B.to fetch C.fetching D.fetches 22.Excuse me.Could you please tell me _ my car? Sure.Park it right here.Ill help you. A.how to stop B.where to park C.where to stop D.whento park 23.Jessicas parents always encour
25、age her _ out her opinions. A.speak B.speaking C.to speak D.will speak 24.Why not _ to the park now? Good idea! Lets go. A.go B.to go C.goes D.going 25.Would you like _ camping with me? Id like to.But Im busy _ my homework. A.to go;to do B.to go;doing C.going;to do D.going;doing 26.Why are you late
26、for school today? Im sorry.I didnt catch the early bus and I had to _ the next one. A.wait for B.ask for C.care for D.look for 27.Im new here. Dont worry.Ill do what I can _ you. A.help B.tohelp C.invite D.to invite 28.Jacks teacher asked him _ off the lights after class. A.turning B.turned C.to tur
27、n D.turn 29.When you move somewhere new, the first thing for you is to find a place _ A.to live B.living in C.to live in D.live in 30.Im sorry, Mr.Hu.I _ my English exercise book at home. It doesnt matter.Please remember _ it here this afternoon. A.forgot; to bring B.left; to take C.forgot; to take
28、D.left; to bring Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。 No pain, no gain. 一分耕耘，一分收获。 Nothing is so necessary for travelers as languages. 外出旅行，语言最要紧。 Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty. 世上唯有贫穷可以不劳而获。 Not to advance is to go back. 不进则退。 Not to know what happened before one was born is always to be a child. 不懂世故，幼稚可笑。