1、Unit 2 数词、介词、连词 语法精讲 一、数词 考点1 基数词(表示数目多少的词) 1.基数词的构成 2.hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen的用法 (1)表示具体数量时,后面不能加s,前面可以加上one,two等其 他数词。 three hundred 三百 six thousand 6,000 20 million 两千万 2 dozen 两打 (2)表示不确定数量时,后面要加s,且需和介词of连用,前面可 以加上some,many,several等词。 hundreds of 数百的,成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的,成
2、千上万的 millions of 成百万的,数以百万计的 billions of 数十亿的 dozens of 几十个 考点2 序数词(表示顺序先后的词) 1.序数词的构成 一般在基数词后加th;以-ve结尾的改为-fth;以-ty结尾的改为- tieth;其他特殊词。 2.序数词的用法 (1)两位及以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用 基数词。 twenty-first 第21 three thousand four hundred and eightieth 第3480 (2)使用序数词时,前面一般加定冠词the。 Im in the sixth grade. 我读六年级。 Im
3、 the first one to finish this work. 我是第一个完成这项工作的。 (3)序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式(分子超过1,分母用 复数形式)。 one third 1/3 two thirds 2/3 four ninths 4/9 a half 1/2 a quarter 1/4 three quarters 3/4 fifty hundredths 50%(通常为fifty per cent) 二、介词和介词短语 介词是一种虚词,是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词, 它之后一般接名词、代词(宾格)或动名词作它的宾语,构成介词短 语。 考点1 介词的分
4、类 考点2 常见的表地点、方位介词的用法 1.in, on, to, at表示地理位置的用法 in意为“在之内”,存在所属关系。 Shandong Province is located in the north of China. 山东省位于中国的北方。 on表示不在同一范围内,但接壤,两地相邻。 Thailand is on the south of China. 泰国位于中国的南边。 to表示不在同一范围,且不接壤。 Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国东面。 at表示在较小的地点或狭窄的空间。 I saw her at school yesterda
5、y. 我昨天在学校看见过她。 2.up, down表示地点、方位的用法 up表示向上、向市中心、发达的地方。 Bob took his jacket off and hung it up. 鲍勃脱掉夹克,把它挂了起来。 Have you been up to London recently? 你最近去伦敦了吗? Is he up yet? 他起床了没? down表示向下、向非市中心、不发达的地方。 He fell down the stairs. 他从楼梯上摔了下来。 All rivers run down to the sea. 所有的河流都流向大海。 He drove all the wa
6、y down from Beijing to Zhengzhou. 他从北京开车一路南下到郑州。 3.between, among的用法 between表示在两者之间。 High-speed trains run every day between Beijing and Shanghai. 在北京与上海之间每天都有高铁行驶。 among表示在三者或三者以上之间。 Tom was the youngest among the three boys. 汤姆是这三个男孩中年纪最小的。 4.near, by, beside, around的用法 near 在周围,在附近 The supermarke
7、t near our school will be reopened soon. 我们学校附近的那家超市不久将重新开业。 by 在边上;经由,路过;以方式 They left the classroom one by one. 他们一个接一个地离开了教室。 They travelled to Shanghai by Wuxi and Suzhou. 他们途经无锡和苏州到达上海。 beside 在旁边 We both looked down at the newspaper beside him. 我们俩都望向他旁边放着的那份报纸。 around 在周围,在附近 All those around
8、 him looked at him in surprise. 周围的人都惊讶地看着他。 5.along, across, past, through的用法 along沿着 I saw them running together along the road yesterday. 我昨天看见他们沿着马路一起跑步。 across 横穿(街道、田野等) Tell your children not to run across the street. 告诉你的孩子们不要跑着穿过街道。 past 路过,经过 A horse without a rider ran past. 一匹没有骑手的马跑过去了。
9、 through 通过,贯穿(强调从内部通过) The path led through the trees to the river. 那条小路穿过树林通向河边。 The doctor pushed through the crowd to get to the injured man. 医生挤过人群来到受伤的男子面前。 考点3 常见的表示时间的介词的用法 1.before, after的用法 before表示在某一时间之前 We will come back before 5 oclock in the afternoon. 我们将在下午五点前回来。 after表示在某一时间之后 Afte
10、r you left, we all missed you. 你走了以后,我们都很想你。 After the wedding we all posed and took a group photograph. 婚礼结束后,我们全体排好拍了张照片。 2.by, since, from, until的用法 by表示截止到某个时间或之前的一个结果 The documents need to be ready by next Friday. 文件需要在下周五之前准备好。 I guess the film will be over by 9:30. 我估计电影会在九点半前放完。 since表示自从某个时
11、间到现在 I have been away from my hometown since 2011. 我从2011年就离开了家乡。 from表示动作的起点时间 We have to go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们周一到周五必须去上学。 until表示动作延续到某个时间为止 You cant play computer games until you finish your homework. 直到你写完作业才能玩电脑游戏。 3.for, during, through的用法 for表示持续的时间长短 I have been working for
12、nearly 4 hours without a break. 我已经连续工作将近四个小时了,没有得到片刻休息。 during表示在某一时间段之内 The prices of these fruit generally go up during the winter months. 这些水果的价格在冬季几个月里一般都会上涨。 through表示在整个时间段内 She read the novel through the night. 她通宵地看小说。 考点4 介词短语在句子中的作用及其固定搭配 介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语、宾语补足 语和表语。 1.作状语 I go to
13、school by bike every day. 我每天骑车去上学。 The road was flooded because of the heavy rain. 因为下大雨,这条路被淹了。 2.作定语 I didnt know the woman with a flower on her head. 我不认识那个头上戴花的女人。 This is the gift for my mothers birthday. 这是给我妈妈的生日礼物。 3.作宾语补足语 I found her in the room and she was reading a novel. 我在房间里找到了她,她正在读
14、一本小说。 You made him in great trouble. 你让他有大麻烦了。 4.作表语 The teacher is now with the students. 老师现在和学生在一起。 She is in great danger. 她处于极度危险中。 三、连词 考点1 并列连词的用法 1.and的用法 (1)连接两个对等关系的词、词组、句子。 She gets up at 6:40 and goes to school at about 7:30 every morning. 她每天早上六点四十起床,七点半左右去上学。 You and me are on duty thi
15、s week.这周你和我值日。 (2)用于特殊句式,相当于条件状语从句。 Hurry up, and you will catch the bus to school. 快点的话,你就会赶上去学校的公交车。 Work harder, and you will succeed. 再努力些,你就会成功。 2.or的用法 (1)用于两者之间选择一个。 “Tea or coffee?” John asked. “喝茶还是喝咖啡?”约翰问道。 Are you for or against the plan? 你是同意还是反对这项计划? (2)用于特殊句式,相当于条件状语从句。 Hurry up, or
16、you will miss the bus to school. 快点,否则你赶不上去学校的公交车。 Work harder, or you will fail. 再努力些,否则你会失败。 3.but的用法 but是“但是,而,可是”的意思,表转折。 They rushed to the hospital, but they were too late. 他们匆忙赶到医院,但是已经太迟了。 The child read the story but did not understand its meaning. 这个孩子读了这个故事,但是不能理解它的意思。 Both plans have bee
17、n tried, but without success. 两个计划都试了,但是没有成功。 4.not only.but also.的用法 not only.but also.是“不仅而且”的意思,作主语时谓语动 词的单复数形式由but also后面的词的单复数形式决定。 Not only you but also I am a teacher. 不仅你而且我也是一名老师。 He speaks not only English but also French. 他不仅会说英语,还会说法语。 5.while作并列连词,意为“而” while可用作并列连词,表示前后对比,还可以表示“某个动作正在
18、进行的同时,另一个动作也在进行之中”,常翻译为“而”。 Theres plenty of rain in the southeast, while theres little in the northeast. 东南部雨量充足,而东北部则很少下雨。 While the teacher was speaking, the students were listening. 老师在讲课,学生们在听。 考点2 从属连词的用法 1.引导时间状语从句的连词 (1)when的用法 when表示时间点和时间段。有时相当于as soon as/immediately/instantly/directly等的意思
19、。when用于固定结 构“hardly/scarcely.when.”,此时when 可换作before。 注意 当把hardly/scarcely放句首时,句子需部分倒装。 We will start when the monitor comes. 班长一来,我们就出发。 I had hardly arrived home last night when it began to rain. =Hardly had I arrived home last night when it began to rain. 昨晚我一到家,就开始下雨了。 when有时可译为“如果”,相当于if,引导条件状语
20、从句。 The environment will be much better when everyone fights against pollution. 如果人人都与污染作斗争,环境就会变得好得多。 when可作并列连词,引导并列分句,意为“突然”或“这 时”,表示一个动作“正在发生”“即将发生”“刚刚完成”时突然插入另 一个动作。when相当于and just time或and just at that time,常用于下列 三种句型:was/were doing.when.;was/were about to do(on the point of doing).when.; had
21、done.when. I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help. 我正沿着河边走,突然听到一名溺水男孩的呼救。 I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came. 我正要出门,一位不速之客来访了。 We had just planted 100 trees when it began to rain. 我们刚刚栽完100棵树,就开始下雨了。 (2)while引导时间状语从句的用法 while可用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,表示时间
22、段,意 为“在期间”。 They arrived while we were having dinner. 我们正在吃晚饭的时候,他们到了。 注意 while和when都可以引导时间状语从句,但while引导的时间状语 从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的动词,而when引导的时间状语从句 中的谓语动词既可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词。当时间 状语从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,while和when可以互相替 换。 The bus had left when we arrived at the bus stop. 当我们到达车站时,公共汽车已经开走了。 (arrive是非延续性动词,因此,此
23、句中的 when不能用while替 换) When/While we were having a discussion, our teacher came in. 我们正讨论时,老师走了进来。 (have是延续性动词,因此,句中的when可以用while替换。) (3)as的用法 as与when, while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词,含义都 是“当的时候”。as意为at the same time that“正当;与同 时”,它兼指“时间点”和“时间段”,从句的动词既可以是延续性动词, 也可以是非延续性动词,意为“一边一边”,“随着”。 The doorbell rang as we w
24、ere having breakfast. 正当我们吃早饭的时候,门铃响了。 As the time went on(=With the time going on), the weather got worse and worse. 随着时间的推移,天气越来越糟。 (4)once 曾经;一旦 He once lived in Shanghai. 他曾经在上海住过。 Once being in danger of life, he would hit on the way to escape. 一旦到了有生命危险的关键时刻,他总能灵机一动想出逃脱的方 法。 (5)as soon as 一就 S
25、o as soon as you gather some information, act on it! 所以,一旦你收集了一些信息,马上开始做! Please let me know your decision as soon as possible. 请尽快让我知道你的决定。 2.引导原因状语从句的连词 (1)because意为“因为”,语气最强,表示直接原因。 He failed in the exam because he didnt study hard. 他考试不及格,因为他没有努力学习。 It is mainly because of my fault. 这主要是由于我的过错。
26、(2)since意为“因为,既然”,语气次之,表示间接或附带原因。 We have to resign ourselves to fate since we cannot think out an effective remedy. 既然我们想不出一个有效的挽救办法,我们只好听天由命了。 Since she has lost weight, that skirt bags on her. 因为她减肥了,她穿那条裙子显得太松垂了。 (3)for意为“因为”,起补充说明的作用。 I cannot tell you what she looks like, for I have never seen
27、 her. 我无法告诉你她长什么样子,因为我从未见过她。 She didnt know the answer, for she was absent for a week. 她不知道答案,因为她一周没来。 (4)as也可用来引导原因状语从句,意为“由于”。 As I have a day off today, I would like to see you. 因为我今天有一天假,所以我想来看看你。 3.引导条件状语从句的连词 (1)if意为“如果,假如”。 Well stay at home if it rains. 如果下雨的话,我们就待在家里。 (2)unless意为“除非,如果不”,相当
28、于if.not. I always sleep with the window open unless its really cold. 我总是开着窗户睡觉,除非天气非常冷才关上窗户。 4.引导让步状语从句的连词 (1)although,though 两者在一般情况下可以互换使用,均可用于句首或从句之首,与动 词连用。though常用于非正式的口语或书面语中,而although则较为正 式。 Although/Though we all tried our best, we lost the game. 虽然我们已经尽了全力,但还是输了比赛。 注意 两者用法区别在于,though还可作副词,放
29、在句子末尾,常用逗 号与句子其他内容隔开,例如:Our team lost.It was a good game, though.我们队输了比赛,不过,这场比赛很精彩。 (2)while还可引导让步状语从句,while多放在句首,相当于 although,表示“尽管,虽然”。 While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思,但我还是不能赞同你。 (3)as可以引导让步状语从句。as与although(或though), however(或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句,含义是“虽 然,尽管
30、”,但它们有区别:although语气稍正式些,可放在句首,也可 放在句中,主句中不能再用but,但可以用yet;as所表达的语气较强, 引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时,它的 后面可跟形容词或副词,也要用倒装语序。 Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident. 这次意外虽然很奇怪,却没有人受伤。 Young as he is, he knows everything. 尽管年纪小,他什么都知道。 还可表达为: Though he is young, he knows everything.
31、 Young though he is, he knows everything. Although he is young, he knows everything. However young he is, he knows everything. 另外,though还可以作为副词,意为“可是,然而,不过;话虽这 样说”,一般位于句尾。 I wish you had told me, though. 不过,我希望你曾告诉过我。 He said he would come, he didnt, though. 他说他会来,可是他并没有来。 5.引导结果状语从句的连词:such.that.;
32、so.that. such.that.与so.that.都可以引导结果状语从句,二者含义一致, 均为“如此以至于”之意,但结构有差异。在so.that.这一结构 中,so是副词,因此要修饰形容词或副词,即后面要跟形容词或副词 (so +形容词之后还可以加名词,如果加单数名词,该单数名词前需加 a/an),而such后边要用名词(这个名词前面可以带形容词,也可以不 带)。因此,such.that.的句型结构可分为以下三种: (1)such + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+ that从句 = so +形容词+ a/an +单数可数名词+ that从句 He is such a clever
33、boy that we all like him very much. = He is so clever a boy that we all like him very much. 他是如此聪明的一个男孩,我们都很喜欢他。 (2)such +形容词+复数名词+ that从句 They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 这些小说非常有趣,我想再读一遍。 (3)such +形容词+不可数名词+ that从句 He has made such rapid progress that the teachers are pleased with him.