1、Unit 7 简单句和并列句 语法精讲 考点1 简单句的基本句型 英语句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状 语等。英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察,简单句不外乎五个基本 句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大 多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下: 1.主语+系动词+表语,即S + V + P(主系表结构) 主系表结构主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。此句 型中常见的系动词有:be, become, come, get, smell, taste, feel, sound, remain, stay, appear,
2、go, turn, fall,keep等。 (1)主语+系动词+形容词(作表语) That sounds great. 那听起来太棒了。 It tastes delicious. 它很好吃。 (2)主语+系动词+名词(作表语) Ben is a lawyer. 本是一名律师。 He became a scientist. 他成为了一名科学家。 (3)主语+系动词+副词、介词短语或反身代词(作表语) Alice is not in today. 爱丽丝今天不在家。 She was in red yesterday. 她昨天穿着红色的衣服。 I am not quite myself today.
3、 我今天感觉很不舒服。 2.主语+不及物动词,即S+V主谓结构 主谓结构是由主语加不及物动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。 (1)一般表达型。此类结构常用于不及物动词与表示时间、距 离、重量、价值等的副词修饰语连用。 The two weavers worked day and night. 这两位织工夜以继日地工作。 (2)主动形式表示被动含义型。用于该结构常见的动词有:read, sell, wash, write,clean等。 The theatre tickets sold well. 戏票很畅销。 This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料很耐洗。 3.
4、主语+及物动词+宾语,即S+V+O(主谓宾结构) 主谓宾结构中的谓语动词须是及物动词(短语),宾语须是名词或 相当于名词的成分。可分为以下几类: (1)主语+及物动词+名词或代词(作宾语) Do you like apples? 你喜欢苹果吗? Do you remember his telephone number? 你记得他的电话号码吗? (2)主语+及物动词+动名词(作宾语)。此类及物动词(短语) 有:advise,consider, avoid, mind, miss, suggest, finish, practise, imagine, enjoy, delay, escape,
5、feel like,put off, insist on, give up, cant help, stick to 等。 I finished reading the book. 我读完了这本书。 You should not give up studying. 你不该放弃学习。 (3)主语+及物动词+不定式(作宾语)。此类及物动词有: afford, agree, ask,expect, hope, want, wish, manage, pretend, decide, determine, learn, offer, plan, refuse等。 I hope to go to col
6、lege. 我希望上大学。 He decided to buy a computer. 他决定买一台电脑。 (4)既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的及物动词,常见的有: remember to do sth.记住要做某事remember doing sth.记得 曾做过某事 stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth.停止做 某事 forget to do sth.忘记去做某事forget doing sth.忘了做过 某事 regret to do sth.遗憾去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做了 某事 go on to do sth.做完一件事
7、接着做另一件事go on doing sth.继续做同一件事 try to do sth.试图做某事try doing sth.尝试着做某事 Did you remember to feed the birds? 你记着喂鸟了吗? I remember feeding the birds. 我记得已喂了鸟。 4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,即:S + V + O1 + O2(主 谓双宾语结构) 此句型中接双宾语的动词,主要分为两类: (1)用to变换间接宾语的动词:give, hand, offer, show, throw, pass, send, sell, tell,lend等。
8、 Could you give me the letter? 或 Could you give the letter to me? 你能把那封信递给我吗? Can you lend me that book? 或 Can you lend that book to me? 你能把那本书借给我吗? (2)用for变换间接宾语的动词:make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetc等。 He bought me a bottle of ink.或He bought a bottle of ink for me. 他为我买了一瓶墨水。 Can
9、you get me some stamps? 或Can you get some stamps for me? 你能帮我拿些邮票吗? 5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,即:S + V + O + C(主谓宾 补结构) 在此结构中,宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,若无宾语补 足语,则句意不完整。此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动 词,但是只跟宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补 足宾语。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动 词不定式、分词。 (1)接名词作宾补的动词有:find, think, elect, name, call, appoint
10、, consider, make,leave等。 They call the lovely pet dog Daisy. 他们管那只可爱的宠物狗叫黛西。 He found the city a great place. 他发现这个城市是一个很不错的地方。 (2)接形容词作宾补的动词有:keep, get, make, leave, find, paint, set, turn, drive, call,cut, consider等。 Emily will make him happy. 埃米莉会让他幸福。 Please cut the stick short. 请把这根棍子砍短。 (3)接分词
11、、省略to的动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词有:see, notice, hear, watch,observe等。 He left me waiting in the rain. 他使得我在雨中等候。 (4)接副词、介词短语等作宾补的动词有leave, put等。 The police put the thief in prison. 警察把这个小偷关进了监狱。 (5)有些动词后常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足 语的后面,这是英语中常用的句型,即“主语+谓语+ it +宾补+真正的宾 语”。常见动词有think,find, conside等。 I consider it possi
12、ble to work out the problem in another way. 我认为可能有另一种方法解答这道题。 6.there be句型 there be句型是英语中的常用句型,意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的 存在”或“某地有某物”。there在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词“那 里”的含义。该句型是英语中很常见的又是非常重要的句型,不管在口 语中还是在书面语中,there be句型的使用频率都是很高的。仔细分析近 几年的中考试题,几乎每年都用不同形式、从不同角度考查该句型的运 用。 there be句型的否定句和一般疑问句 there be句型具体用法如下: (1)there b
13、e句型后可跟名词或名词短语,表示“某地存在某物”。 在一般现在时或一般过去时中,there be句型中的be应和其后出现的最靠 近的主语在数上一致,即“就近原则”。具体地说,there后面第一个主语 若是单数时,be就用is/was;若是复数时be就用are/were。 There are two apples in the bowl. 碗里有两个苹果。 There is a ruler, two pens and five books in the school bag. 书包里有一把尺子、两只钢笔和五本书。 (2)there与be之间用上恰当的情态动词can, may, must, sho
14、uld, will 等,构成:there +情态动词+ be.结构。 There will be an interesting talk on English next week. 下个星期会有一场有趣的英语讲座。 My watch doesnt work.There may be something wrong with it. 我的手表不走了,可能出了故障。 (3)there be句型与have的区别: 二者都表示汉语中的“有”,但是在用法上有区别:there be句型表 示“某处(某时)有某物”,而have则表示“某人或某物拥有某物”,强调 主语和宾语的所属关系。 There are q
15、uite a few pine trees on the campus. 校园里有许多松树。 Each girl has her merits and faults. 每个女生都有她的优点和缺点。 We have ten books, but we need more. 我们有10本书,但是我们还需要更多。 (4)there be句型的时态 there be句型没有语态形式,即there be句型无被动语态,但是却有 比较复杂的时态形式,以表达不同的语境。 there be句型的一般将来时:结构为there will be/there is/are going to be. There wil
16、l be a class meeting this afternoon. 今天下午有班会。 There are going to be two English parties next week. 下周有两场英语晚会。 there be句型的一般过去时:结构为there was/were. There was a football match in our school yesterday. 昨天我们学校有一场足球赛。 there be句型的现在完成时:结构为there have/has been. There have been great changes in China in the p
17、ast twenty years. 在过去20年里中国发生了巨大变化。 考点2 并列句 并列句是相对于简单句而言的,它是由并列连词and, but, or等把两 个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起而构成的句子。其基本结构为:简单 句+并列连词+简单句。 I like apples and Jim likes strawberries. 我喜欢苹果,而吉姆喜欢草莓。 Youd better put on your coat, or youll have a bad cold in such a cold day. 在这样寒冷的天气,你最好穿上你的外套,否则的话你会得重感 冒。 并列句大致可分为以下几
18、种:并列/递进关系、选择关系、转折/对 比关系、因果关系。 1.并列/递进关系 这类并列句表示两个并列概念,其连接词有and,not only.but also.,neither.nor.,both.and.等,and所连接的前后分句表示并列关 系、先后关系或递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致。 Im a doctor and she is a nurse. 我是医生,她是护士。(表并列关系) I pulled the trigger and the gun went off. 我一扣扳机,枪就响了。(表先后关系) 2.选择关系 这类并列句表示在两者之间选择一个,常用的连接词有or(或 者)
19、,not.but.(不是而是), either.or.(要么要 么)等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致。 The children can go with us, or they can stay at home.(表 选择关系) 孩子们可以和我们一起去,或者他们也可以待在家里。 3.转折、对比关系 表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折,常用的连接词有 but(但是),yet(可是),while(而,另一方面),or(否则,要不 然)等,前后分句时态一致。 It has no mouth, but it can talk. 它没有嘴巴,但是它会说话。(表转折关系) School is over,
20、yet all the teachers are still working. 学校放学了,可是老师们仍然在工作。(表转折关系) Be quick, or well be late for class. 快点,不然我们上课要迟到了。 4.因果关系 这类并列句表示因果关系,常见连词有for(因为),so(因此) 等。若用连接词for,前后分句时态一致。 He has many good friends, for he is an honest man. 他有许多好朋友,因为他是个诚实的人。(表因果关系) 专项练习 I.单句填空。 1.I am sorry to have kept you _(w
21、ait). 2.There _(be)a writer and singer in our school last week. 3._ there _(be)an exciting concert in town tomorrow? 4.I shall make your dream _(come true). 5.He gave a book to _(I). 6.There _(be)a lot of changes in my hometown in the last two years. 7.Not only my parents but also my grandpa _(be)fl
22、ying to Singapore this weekend. 8.He warned us _(not go)home. 9.We expect _(see)him again. 10.Our teacher encourages us _(study)hard. II.单项选择。 11.Drive slowly, Mary._ is something ahead on the road. A.It B.This C.That D.There 12._ there any living things on other planets? I have no ideas.Maybe we ca
23、n know more about that in the future. A.Is B.Are C.Has D.Have 13.The weather forecast says that _ another storm tomorrow. A.there willhave B.there willbe C.therehas D.therehasbeen 14.We _ some robots at home in the future and there _ some in the office, too A.willhave;willhave B.have;willbe C.willha
24、ve;willbe D.willhave;are 15.There _ quite a lot of trees on the hill. A.were usedtobeing B.had C.usedtohave D.usedtobe 16.William has great difficulty in finishing the task in time, _ he looks worried and upset A.but B.or C.so D.while 17.The pair of trousers _ me.Ill take it A.fit B.fits C.will fit
25、D.fit fo 18.Not only you but also everyone here _ watching football matches. A.likes B.like C.is like D.to like 19._ unusual music he is playing! A.How B.What an C.How a D.What 20.Theres going to _ an English evening tonight? Would you like to go with us? Yes, Id love to. A.have B.has C.is D.be 21.T
26、he hunter fired _ the wolf fell immediately. A.or B.while C.but D.and 22.The running water makes the stones _ very smooth. A.sound B.taste C.smell D.feel 23.Though she often makes her little brother _, she was made _ by him this morning. A.cry;to cry B.to cry;cry C.cry;cry D.to cry;to cry 24.Im sorr
27、y that I have left my English book at home. Do remember _ it with you next time. A.take B.taking C.to take D.takes 25.Have you read the book Jane Eyre? Yes.Its a famous book and really worth _. A.to read B.reading C.tobe read D.read 26.The newly invented car _ well now. A.sell B.is sold C.sells D.so
28、ld 27.Turn the heat down _ your cake will burn. A.and B.but C.or D.yet 28.How kind you are! You always do what you can _ others. A.help B.helping C.helps D.tohelp 29.Either Bob or his parents _ leaving for Shanghai. A.is B.are C.am D.be 30.The weather _. A.wet andcold B.is wet andcold C.notwet andcold D.were wet andcold Old sin makes new shame. 一失足成千古恨。 Once a man and twice a child. 一次老,两次小。 Once a thief, always a thief. 偷盗一次,做贼一世。 Once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。