1、GrammarConditionals and Mixed Conditionals & Modality 感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题 (一) 1Many contemporary amateur athletes would have broken world records if they had taken part in the first Olympic Games. 2Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder if he had not been caught taking drugs in
2、the 1988 Olympics. 3If American athlete Marion Jones hadnt taken drugs，would she have made it to the Olympics at all? 4If gene- therapy were used now，it would be almost impossible to find out. 5 However， if a generation of sports stars with enhanced genes were created， it would contradict the whole
3、spirit of sport. 1 在 if 虚拟条件句中， 如果表示与现在事实相反的假设， 则 if 条件句的谓语动词的时态为： 过去式，主句的谓语动词的形式为：would/should/could/might动词原形，如句 4, 句 5。 2 在 if 虚拟条件句中， 如果表示与过去事实相反的假设， 则 if 条件句的谓语动词的形式为： had 过去分词，主句的谓语动词的形式：would/should/could/mighthave 过去分词。如 句 1, 句 3。 3 如果虚拟条件句和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致， 则主从句动词的形式应根据各自所 表示的时间进行调整。这种结构称为：错
4、综虚拟条件句。如句 2。 (二) 1 In the summer of 1996， everything must have been going perfectly for the twenty- five- year- old Texan cyclist. 2He had been offered contracts by big sporting companies，such as Nike，and did not need to worry about money. 3He should have gone earlier，but he had ignored the pain so
5、that he could continue racing. 4When he went to the doctor that day，he could not have known what was about to happen to him. 5There was a 40% chance he would survive and a 60% chance he might die. 6During periods when he did not have to have chemotherapy，he rode his bike 30 to 50 miles a day. 7 Many
6、 people doubted Armstrongs ability to become a top cyclist again but they need not have worried. 8However，we must not forget that he is different from other stars. 9Money and success do not seem to interest him and he must have a different kind of motivation. 10But young，strong men must realise that
7、 this can happen to them，too. 4must have done sth.表示对过去事情的肯定判断，如句 1；must not do sth.意为：千万不要 做某事，如句 8；mustdo 表示对现在事情的肯定判断，如句 9；还表示“必须做某事”， 如句 10。 5should have done sth.表示“本该做某事但没做”，如句 3。 6could do sth.表示“能够做某事”如句 3；couldnt have done sth.表示“过去不可能做某 事”，如句 4。 7might do 表示“或许”，如句 5。 8have to 的否定式为：dont/d
8、idnt have to, 表示“不必”， 如句 6。 9need 既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。如在句 2 中用作实义动词；在句 7 中用作 情态动词。neednt have done sth.表示“过去本不需要做某事而做了”。 一、条件句和混合条件句 在英语中，我们一般把条件句分为两种，即真实条件句和非真实条件句。非真实条件句亦可 称为虚拟条件句。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事 实。 1if 虚拟条件句 if 虚拟条件句 主句 与现在事实 相反的假设 if主语动词过去式(be 动词用 were) 主语would/should/could/might
9、动词原形 与过去事实 相反的假设 if主语had过去分词 主语would/should/could/might have过去分词 与将来事实if主语主语would/should/could/might 相反的假设 动词过去式be动 词用were should动词原形 were to动词原形 动词原形 If I were a bird，I could fly. 如果我是一只鸟的话，我就能飞了。 If we had started earlier，we would not have missed the train. 如果我们早点出发，就不会错过这班火车了。 If he shouldnt come
10、 tomorrow，we would put off the meeting till next Monday. 要是他明天来不了，我们将把会议推迟到下周一。 注意：在 if 虚拟条件句中，如果从句谓语动词有 were/should/had 时，可以省略 if，然后把 were/should/had 提到主语前面，形成部分倒装。 Were I at school again，I would study harder. 如果我可以再上一次学，我会更努力地学习。 Had you come earlier，you would have caught the bus. 如果你早一点儿到，你就会赶上那趟
11、公交车了。 Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去爬山。 2混合条件句 通常情况下，虚拟条件句和主句表示的动作发生的时间是一致的，但不一致时主从句动词的 形式应根据各自所表示的时间进行调整。我们把这种结构称为混合虚拟条件句或错综虚拟条 件句。可将其分为两种： (1)想象中的现在状态可能对过去有影响； If I were you，I would have taken his advice. 如果我是你的话，我就接纳他的意见了。 (2)想象的过去事件可能对现在有影响； If I had taken my rain
12、coat with me this morning，I would not be wet now. 如果今天早上带上雨衣的话，我现在就不会淋湿了。 3含蓄虚拟条件句 有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过条件句来表示，而是用一些词或短语或上下文暗示来说明， 我们称之为含蓄虚拟条件句。 (1)用介词(短语)表条件，如：but for，without： But for your advice，I couldnt have done it so successfully. 要是没有你的建议，我就不会做得那么成功。 (2)用连词(but，or)，副词(otherwise)表条件： I would have at
13、tended the party，but I was too busy. 要不是我太忙，我就去参加那个聚会了。 (3)分词短语暗示条件： Having known in time，we might have prevented the accident. 要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。 Given more attention，the tree could have grown better.如果多留心的话，这棵树本来可以长得 更好。 (4)通过上下文表条件： I would have come to see you that day.Unfortunately，it was ra
14、ining so hard. 我本来打算那天来看你的，不巧的是那天下大雨。 二、情态动词 1概述 情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态， 如需要、 可能、 意愿和怀疑等。 情态动词有一定的词义， 但不完整，必须和主要动词的原形一起构成谓语，常用的情态动词有：can，could，may， might，must，ought to，need，dare 以及 shall，should，will，would；下列短语也表达情态动 词的意义：be able to，had better，have to，used to。 2情态动词的用法 表示推测 can(能)；may(可能)；could(可能)；might(可能
15、)；must(一定)；should(应 该)；ought to(应该)；will/would(会) 表示义务、责任、 必要性 must(必须)；have to(不得不)；should(应该)；ought to(应该)；need(有必 要)；neednt(没有必要)；dont have to(不必)；had better(最好) 表示能力 can(能够)；could(能够)；be able to(能够) 表示请求、许可、 禁止 Can I.？；May I.？；Could I.？；Will you.？；Would you please.？； Shall I.？(委婉形式)；cant(不可以)；mu
16、stnt(禁止) 表示习惯和倾向 used to do(过去常常)；would do(过去的习惯行为)；will do(常常) 表示意志 will(与第一人称连用，意为“愿意”)；shall(与第二人称和第三人称连用 表示命令、允诺或强烈的意愿) 3.常见情态动词的用法 (1)can 表能力。 He can speak English.他会讲英语。 表客观条件允许做某事。 I can call you tomorrow.我明天可以给你打电话。 表推测(多用于疑问句和否定句)。 That cant be Maryshes in hospital. 那不可能是玛丽她在住院。 (2)could 表过
17、去的能力。 I could drive a car before I left school. 毕业前我就会开车了。 表可能性(既可表示过去的可能性，也可表示现在的可能性，比 can 的程度要弱)。 He said the news could be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。 用于委婉、客气地提出请求、想法、问题或陈述看法，回答时用原形。 Could I use your dictionary? Yes，you can. 我能用一下你的词典吗？ 行，可以。 (3)may 表征求对方的意见。 May I sit here？我可以坐这儿吗？ 表允许 You may come if you
18、 wish.如果你想来，你就来。 表可能性。 We may meet her at the station. 我们可能会在车站遇到她。 表祝愿。 May you succeed！祝你成功！ (4)might 表可以做的事或可能发生的事，might 比 may 的口气委婉或表示实现的可能性更小些。 Thinking it might rain，I decided to go by car. 我想可能会下雨，所以决定开车去。 may (just) as well，might as well，意为“不妨”，用于提出建议。 You might as well have a try.你不妨试一下。 表可
19、能性。 We might finish the task ahead of time. 我们可能会提前完成这项任务。 (5)must 表必须做的事，着重主观看法。其否定式 mustnt 表示禁止。对其问句作否定回答时不用 mustnt，而用 neednt 或 dont have to。have to 强调客观需要。 I must go now.现在我必须走了。 Must I go to work? No，you neednt./Yes，you must. 我必须去上班吗？ 不，你不必去。/是的，你必须去。 表推测，只用于肯定句，意为“一定”，常指有根据、有把握地推测。 There must b
20、e nobody.那儿肯定没人。 “偏要，偏偏”(指做令人不愉快的事)。 Must you shout so loudly? 你非得喊这么大声吗？ Why must it rain on Sunday? 为什么偏偏在星期天下雨？ (6)shall 用于主语为第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、允诺、警告、强制、威 胁、决心等。 You shall apologize to him.你要向他道歉。 用于主语为第一、三人称的疑问句，表示征求对方的意见和指示。 Shall I fetch some water for you? 要我去给你拿些水吗？ 用于主语为第三人称的陈述句中， 表示条
21、约、 规定、 法令等中的义务， 常译为“应， 必须”。 Members of the club shall pay for registration. 该俱乐部成员应付注册费。 (7)should/ought to 表推测，表示说话者进行尝试性的判断，常译为“按道理说应该”。 With her talent and experience，she should do well by herself. 凭着她的才能和经验，她自己应该能做得很好。 should 可以表示说话者惊奇、怀疑、不满、失望、愤怒等情绪。 He should be careless to such an important m
22、atter. 他竟然对这么重要的事粗心。 should/ought to 表“应该”，多表示责任、义务、道德、法律等方面。 Every citizen should/ought to obey the law. 每个公民都应该遵守法律。 (8)will 表意愿、意志、决心。 I will succeed.我会成功的。 表示倾向或习惯性动作。 Fish will die out of water.离开水，鱼会死的。 用于疑问句表示请求、邀请。 Will you see a movie with me? 你愿意和我去看电影吗？ (9)would 表过去的意志、愿望和决心。 I felt he wo
23、uld go with me.我感觉他愿意和我去。 委婉地提出请求、建议，比 will 更委婉，肯定回答用 will。 Would you join us？你愿意加入我们吗？ 表过去习惯性的动作。 As a young man，he would play basketball. 他年轻的时候常常打篮球。 (10)need 常用于疑问句和否定句中，否定式为 neednt。 Need I heat the dish? No，you neednt. 我需要热一下菜吗？ 不，不必。 (11)dare 多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。 Whats the matterdarent you read wh
24、at it says? 怎么了你难道不敢把上面写的念出来吗？ If you ever dare call me that name again，youll be sorry.你胆敢再那样叫我，你会后悔的。 4“情态动词have done”的用法 could have done sth.可能做了某事(一般用于否定句和疑问句)； 过去本来可以做某事(实际上并 没有做) may/might have done sth.可能做了某事 neednt have done sth.本不必做某事(实际上做了) cant have done sth.不可能做了某事 must have done sth.一定做了
25、某事 should/ought to have done sth.本该做某事但实际上未做 shouldnt/ought not to have done sth.过去不该做某事但做了 He couldnt have gone abroad.I saw him just now. 他不可能出国了。我刚才还看见他了。 I neednt have got up so early. 我本来不必那么早起床的。 .用所给动词的正确形式或适当的情态动词填空 1The workers were not better organized，otherwise they would have accomplishe
26、d(accomplish) the task in half the time.(2019 天津) 2What a pity！You missed the sightseeing，or we would have had(have) a good time together. (2019 江苏) 3In todays information age，the loss of data can cause serious problems for a company. (2018 北京) 4They might have found a better hotel if they had drive
27、n(drive) a few more kilometers. (2018 北京) 5I cant find my purse.I could/might have left(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but Im not sure. (2018 天津) 6If we had caught(catch) the flight yesterday，we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.(2018 天津) 7Its strange that he should have taken(t
28、ake) the books without the owners permission. (2018 江苏) 8If the new safety system had been put(put) to use，the accident would never have happened. (2017 北京) 9My room is a mess，but I neednt clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning. (2017 天津) 10Were(be) it not for the support of the
29、 teachers，the student could not overcome her difficulty. (2017 江苏) .单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误) 1We can chose choose between staying at home and taking a trip.(2016 全国) 2Some classmates suggest we can 或 can should go to places of interest nearby.(2016 全国) 3If you are were me，would you talk to them？(2015 四川) 4
30、We must found find ways to protect our environment.(2015 全国) 5I knew that they will would be worried about me because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.(2012 浙江) 6Meanwhile，I found out that with more patience I must could/might make my toys last. (2012 新课标全国) .用所给动词的正确
31、形式填空 1 I didnt see your sister at the meeting.If she had come (come)， she would have met my brother. 2If I hadnt had your help，I wouldnt have finished (not，finish) the work ahead of time. 3If he had taken(take) his doctors advice，he might still be alive. 4If he were to come/came/should come(come) he
32、re，he would tell us about it. 5Had I turned off the electric heater，the house wouldnt have caught(not，catch) fire. 6But for the meeting，I would have gone(go) home at the time. 7Tom，you are too lazy.The work should have been finished(finish) yesterday. 8I love the weekend，because I neednt get(not，get
33、) up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 9I have lost one of my gloves.I must have dropped(drop) it somewhere. 10If she hadnt lost(not，lose) her precious belongings，she could have lost something far more importanther life! .用适当的情态动词填空 11Tom comes from Australia and he can speak English very well. 12I he
34、ard you bought a new book.May I have a look? 13It is sunny today；we neednt take an umbrella. 14Would you like to have dinner with me? 15Must we finish the composition in class? No，you neednt. 16May I smoke here? No，you mustnt/cant. 17He is so strong that I dare not fight against him. 18We ought to/s
35、hould have received the letter yesterday，but it didnt arrive. 19He could/was able to swim when he was ten years old. 20May you have a good time! .单句改错(每小题仅有 1 处错误) 21If I am were in your position，I would marry her. 22If he have had taken my advice，he would have succeeded in the competition. 23If it
36、had rained last night，the ground would be wet now. 24Its surprising that Mary would should love such a person as Jack. 25If he was were free today，we would send him to Beijing. 26The law says that drivers cant mustnt drive after drinking. 27Dare you to tell your parents about your school records? 28A few years ago I might could afford to bring my wife to this place for dinner. 29If you may must go，at least wait until the storm is over. 30She told him he ought not to do it.